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Introduction to Computer Programming itc-314

Introduction to Computer Programming itc-314. Lecture 04. Basic. Beginners All-Purposes Symbolic Instructions code, abbreviated as BASIC, was developed at the Dartmouth College, USA, by John Kemeny and Professor Kurtz.

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Introduction to Computer Programming itc-314

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  1. Introduction to Computer Programmingitc-314 Lecture 04

  2. Basic • Beginners All-Purposes Symbolic Instructions code, abbreviated as BASIC, was developed at the Dartmouth College, USA, by John Kemeny and Professor Kurtz. • BASIC languages were initially developed to make it convenient for the people to communicate with computers. • BASIC has improved over the years , but unfortunately it is not a portable language i.e., a program developed in basic on one computer may not run on another without necessary modifications. • This is because different versions of BASIC do not conform to the same standards. • Different versions of Basic Language are: GW-BASIC, Visual Basic, VB.Net etc

  3. FORTRAN • FORTARN (FORmula TRANslation) was developed in 1957 for IBM 704 computer by a team headed by John Backus. • A full version of FORTRAN was approved by the American National Standard Institute (ANSI) in 1966. • FORTRAN was basically developed for scientific and engineering’s data processing purposes. • FORTRAN has widely been accepted as a language for scientific calculations.

  4. COBOL • Common business Oriented Languages (COBOL) was specially designed for business purposes. • COBOL is used all over the world for a variety of data processing tasks, such as payroll, inventory and stock control. • It is a self documented language and it is convenient to understand a program written in COBOL.

  5. C • C is the high-level language which has the power and many facilities of low-level languages. • It is used very commonly in system programming and a very popular operating system UNIX is written in this language. • Its special features are the efficient use of memory and fast processing speed. • However, it is the choice if many experienced programmers because the big program of other languages can be written very concisely in C.

  6. PASCAL • Pascal is named after Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician of the seventeenth century. • PASCAL language was developed in the late 1960s. • Pascal was the first major language developed on the concepts of structured programming. • Pascal can be used for both scientific and business type file processing applications.

  7. Generations of Programming Language

  8. 1GL or first-generation language • 1GL or first-generation language was (and still is) machine language. • Machine languages are the only languages understood by computers. • While easily understood by computers, machine languages are almost impossible for humans to use because they consist entirely of numbers. • Example: 1011001111111010011101100

  9. 2GL or second-generation language • 2GL or second-generation language is assembly language. • Its was introduced in 1952 helped in overcoming the limitations of machine language. • An assembly language contains the same instructions as a machine language, but the instructions and variables have names (Mnemonics) instead of being just numbers. • For Example: To Add two numbers we write A 12,8

  10. Assembler The assembler of a computer system is a system software, supplied by system manufacture, which translates an assembly language program into an equivalent machine language program.

  11. 3GL or third-generation language • 3GL or third-generation language is a "high-level" programming language. • The first high-level programming languages were designed in the 1950s. • High level languages are those languages that are closer to human languages and further from machine languages. • The main advantage of high-level languages over low-level languages is that they are easier to read, write, and maintain. • Ultimately, programs written in a high-level language must be translated into machine language by a compiler or interpreter.

  12. Compiler & Interpreter • A compiler is a translator program, which converts the statements of a specific high-level programming language into machine language. • An interpreter is another type of translator, which is used for translating programs written in high level languages. • It takes one statement of high level language program, translate it into machine language instructions, and then immediately execute the resulting instructions.

  13. 4GL or fourth-generation language • 4GL or fourth-generation language is designed to be closer to natural language than a 3GL language. • Fourth generation languages are commonly used in database programming and scripts.  • A 4GL language statement might look like this: EXTRACT ALL CUSTOMERS WHERE "PREVIOUS PURCHASES" TOTAL MORE THAN $1000

  14. 5GL or fifth-generation language • The fifth generation languages, or 5GL are programming languages that contain visual and graphical tools to help develop a program. • Fifth-generation languages are used mainly in artificial intelligence research. • 5GL programs are usually compiled with a 3GL or 4GL language compiler. • Microsoft, Borland, IBM, and other companies make 5GL visual programming products for developing applications in Java. • Visual programming allows you to easily envision object-oriented programming class hierarchies and drag icons to assemble program components.

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