Lesson 1 –

1. Lesson 1 – The difference between corporate and white collar (occupational) crime ending with how corporate crime links with globalisation

2. ‘Crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his / her occupation.’ What is occupational crime (white collar)? What is corporate crime? What are the limitations of this definition? (what doesn’t this cover that you think should be included in the definition?’

3. Problems with defining actions as crimes – should it only include law breaking? Yes 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

4. Pearce and Tombs (1998) “our definition should take a moral stance” • Our definition should include things such as those people and organisations that manufacture cigarettes and alcohol (because of the impact). • TNCs that operate in countries which breech international human rights acts / safety standards negligible - should be seen as criminal organisations even if they are not breaking any laws. • Task – • Go back to the definition from the start of the lesson and adapt it in light of what you have learnt so far this lesson.

5. What is the difference between occupational (white collar) and corporate crime? Filing false expenses claims Not declaring work that a company has undertaken to reduce the tax bill Letting friends/family in to use the service you work for whilst others have to pay Overcharging customers and keeping the additional amount Allowing children to work when they are not supposed to Making employees ….

6. Task – define corporate crimeTask – define occupational (white collar) crime Task- find one example/statistic of both of these types of crime

7. The impact of occupational crime Big and bad • Levi (2007) fraudulent health and unemployment benefit claims total £3 billion and frauds within the NHS are est. at £6 billion. • Counter to the functionalist argument Nelken (2002) found considerable evidence of fraudulent claims made by doctors and dentists against insurance companies in the USA (and to a smaller extent in GB) • About 25% of all retail loss in Britain is accounted for through theft by employees (according to a 1999 study). • Levi (1987) found that 75% of all frauds on financial institutions were by there own employees. No big deal • Ditton and Mars found that in a range of services (from bakers to tourist workers)minor theft was regarded as a legitimate part of the job ‘perk’ or ‘fiddle’. • Clarke – employers often turned a blind eye to ‘fiddling’ and accounted for it in pay structure (paying certain bands less as a result) • Functionalist writers have linked this type of crime to the type of profession – claiming that those with a great degree of trust placed on them are less likely to commit occupational crime.

8. Differential association and subcultural theory Marxist explanations Labelling theory Sociological explanations for white collar crime and corporate crime Emotion-based approaches Anomie

9. Review • Which costs more money, conventional crimes or occupational crime? • According to Marxist influenced writers, how do differences in power help to explain the invisibility of corporate crime? • What role does the media play in the invisibility of corporate crimes? • Business and finance corporations tend to be regulated rather than policed e.g. the FSA (Financial Services Authority), according to Braithwaite how does this contribute to the invisibility of corporate crime? • What is the final reason (explained by Tombs) for the relative invisibility of corporate crime? • In what way can large corporations and governments be mutually dependant? • How can this end up being a problem?

10. Review: explaining occupational and corporate crime • What is meant by the term differential association? • Give one example of how ‘white collar crime’ has been normalised (Subcultural theory) in recent times. • Describe Portnoy’s theory of corporate thrill seeking (similar to Katz and Lyng). • Identify two of the characteristics of the high finance world described by Punch 1996. • According to Nelken the process of Labelling criminal activities differs depending on who the crime is committed by. Explain this difference. • What is Anomie? • How does this concept apply to corporate crime (according to sociologists like Box)? • Describe what Box means by ‘mystification’ in his Marxist based explanation of corporate crime. • According to the Marxist Frank Pearce, why are there so few prosecutions against corporations and senior business people? • What is Carrabine’s main criticism of the Marxist belief that illegal and immoral practices are normal under capitalism?

11. Lesson 2 – Globalisation and crime

12. Learning list • Come up with a definition of globalisation and ways in which it impacts upon crime. • Identified patterns of global crime – current figures (research) • Summarised the contributions of key criminologists in helping to explain the link between globalisation and crime. • Analysed a model answer to a 10 mark question • Write a 10 mark answer to a question on globalisation based on the learning above. Key terms – Trafficking Globalisation Corruption Corporate crime Green crime State crime

13. Giddens – “The intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa. Held – “The greater interconnectedness of social life and social relationships throughout the world” What is globalisation? Definitions – Held, Giddens, Castells Castells- Globalisation includes the development of networks that cut across national boundaries, meaning that the notion of self contained societies is outdated. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tYEUHkiuY-0

14. What does global crime look like – types of crime • Dealing in illicit drugs • Illegal trafficking of weapons • Illegal trafficking of human beings • Corruption • Violent crimes, including terrorism • War crimes Globalisation has also brought some benefits such as greater international cooperation between police forces and the more widespread use of extradition agreements. E.g. Europol and Interpol Since 9/11 there has been greater cooperation between America and Europe and greater international efforts to tackle money laundering which is viewed as essential to tackling transnational organised crime.

15. Research task? Recent figures? Video summary? • http://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2013/08/economist-explains-9 (how organised crime has adapted through globalisation) • http://www.lse.ac.uk/IDEAS/publications/Analysis-Archive/ideasToday/06/organisedCrime.pdf(The Mexican drugs war and globalisation)

17. Describing Map Held- The global crime economy has both a demand and supply side Castells- We no longer have self contained societies , new networks cut across national boundaries and this has resulted in a global criminal economy Newburn- There are 3 main consequences of globalisation for crime and criminology Globalisation and crime Hobbs and Dunningham – Case study of NE England – local organisation is also important, not just global links- ‘Glocal’ Taylor- The development of capitalism is the main driver for the globalisation of crime

18. The link between corporate crime and globalisation What is globalisation? What types of crime have grown as a result of globalisation? How does globalisation facilitate new forms of crime ? It is now more possible to move finance around the world with relatively few controls. What kinds of crimes can happen as a result? Cheap transport and effective communication systems have meant that business can cheaply relocate to countries were costs (production , wages) are lowest. Where does this lead to increased crime? According to Michalowski and Kramer this pattern of relocation can lead to a policy of ‘law evasion; by TNCs. E.g. setting up production in countries with no pollution controls / selling goods in poorer countries which have been declared as unsafe in the West – pharmaceuticals. They are able to do this because the poorer countries don’t have the resources to control the large companies. Organised crime and globalisation- The drugs trade according to the UN (ODC) the value of the illegal drug trade is $13bn at production level, $94 at wholesale and $332 at retail price. Human trafficking – this is worth about $5-7bn, 4 million people moved between countries. Often used in the Sex industry.

19. 10-mark question This question includes an item, and is will follow this format – ‘Applying material from Item A, analyse two reasons why…’ To get in the top mark band (8-10 marks) you need to do the following – • Include two developed applications of material from the Item.  The item often defines something, gives an example and sometimes then offers an alternative / criticism.  You need to pick on two of these and expand on them. • Analysis/evaluation of the two reasons e.g. how far does the point you’ve made explain the issue identified in the question.

20. Applying material from item A, analyse two reasons why approaches to the study of victimology differ. Item A Positivist victimologists focus on the use of victim surveys to understand victimhood, they use these to draw correlations and patterns to help explain victimhood. On the other hand Radical criminologists differ in their approach by studying the structures that impact on victimhood e.g. patriarchy. Critical victimology focuses on the role the state plays in defining crimes/ victims to reflect it’s own interests. Positive victimology comes from the view point that identifying patterns from empirical data is the most useful way of understanding victimology, it has shed light on the fact that some people are more likely to become victims and thus has helped us to understand the role of the victim in certain types of crime. This approach favours the use of the Crime Survey for England and Wales, this survey has a large sample of over 30,000 people and has found that the chances of becoming a victim are closely linked to a number of factors such as ethnicity and gender. This approach doesn’t take account of reasons why such groups are more likely to become victims, additionally, there are concerns about it’s validity, for example the data suggests that the crime rate is far higher than suggested by police recorded statistics. Radical victimology differs greatly to positivist victimology as it looks beyond the patterns/ correlations and instead focuses on the structures in society and how they impact on victimisation. It questions how we define ‘victim’ and how this might be done to serve the interests of the state.

21. Applying material from item A, analyse two reasons why globalisation has resulted in a growth in some forms of crime. (10 marks) Item A Globalisation involves the development of networks that cut across national boundaries and this has led to knowledge as well as good crossing national boundaries, these changes have resulted in a global criminal economy with interconnections between criminal networks. Other sociologists argue that capitalism has been the main driver for the globalisation of crime the result of which has led to a growth in both transnational and local crime by elites and working-class offenders alike.

22. Lesson 3 – green crime What does it mean? What doesn’t it mean? What examples are there of it? How do sociologists explain it? Who is to blame for it?

23. Air pollution Graffiti Producing emissions that contribute to global warning The dumping of waste Illegal trading in wildlife The hunting of endangered species Illegal fishing and logging Industrial activity that damages the environment Dropping litter Vandalism Serious criminal offence, minor offence, activities that are legal but harmful to the environment?

24. What is Green crime ? • There are three key definitions which vary based on the degree to which they think these crimes are lionked to law braking. • Situ and Emmons – crimes that actually breaks the law • 2. South – 2 types of green crime: • Primary environmental crime • Environmental law breaking • Critical criminology – Zemiology

25. Walters – capitalism and corporate power Sociological explanations for Green, environmental and eco-crime Ulrich Beck and risk society (a late modern perspective) Criticism

26. Organised crime/ gangs Capitalism corporations Who is to blame for green crime ? The general public

27. Case studies For each of the following please make notes and include, why it is a green crime, who was to blame for it , discuss whether or not it is a primary crime or environmental law breaking. • Air pollution • Bhopal • Bangladesh textiles factory 2013

28. Environmental / Green crime What does it mean? Crimes committed against the environment such as pollution. Definitions - Some sociologists say that it is a crime that breaks national / international laws on the environment. (primary) OR Actions which have a detrimental affect on the environment irrespective of legality. Splits into two broad categories : Primary Crimes (legal but cause harm)- legal under international law, but the extent of the environmental damage should see them come under the analysis of criminologists. Currently only seen as ‘environmental issues’ Environmental law breaking (illegal, but law not always implemented)–Illegal under international law, but these laws are not always enforced. OR More radical = ZEMIOLOGY • Example – • Eight catastrophic failures led to the explosion that destroyed the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig in the Gulf of Mexico, killing 11 people and leading to one of the biggest oil leaks in history. April 2010. • Air pollution. Report in 2015 identified that air pollution kills more people than HIV and Aids. Big cities in the UK have not met the governments green targets. • Explanations – • Beck and risk theory – economic development = risks from lack of resources have minimised e.g. physical defences. However new risks from economic growth e.g. pollution have emerged out of industrialisation. Linked closely to Late Modernism – humans attempt to control the world through the use of science and technology. • Ecocentric (humans and environment are inter-dependant) v anthropocentric (humans have the right to dominate) • Zemiology= approach within criminology which argues that in + nat. laws are inadequate and instead we should judge whether something is an offence by if it does harm to humans or other living things. • Green crime and capitalism- people argue that green crime is caused by the dominance of capitalist ideology, which prioritises economic growth over the wellbeing of the environment. Who commits green crime? Big business Organised criminals Everyone in the world

30. Green crime What does it mean? What doesn’t it mean? What examples are there of it? How do sociologists explain it? Who is to blame for it?

31. State crime

32. Defining state crime Breaking the laws of the society in which the crime takes place Problems- States breaking international laws Problems – States breaking human rights, general standards regardless of the legislation in individual countries. Problems – • What are human rights? • Should human rights be universal? • No- • Socially constructed- the powerful can often impose their own definition of human rights on less powerful groups. • Some sociologists see the rights identified by the UN as having a liberal, western individual bias. • Yes- • Critical social scientists • whether or not something is a violation of human rights should be judged by a variety of social audiences including other states, victims, worldwide civil society and NGOs. • Radical sociologists • It is the duty of sociology to support human rights and expose abuses by the state even when this goes against the laws of the countries in which they are citizens.

33. 4 types of state crime The states power + human rights Why Sociologists sometimes object to a universal definition of human rights Theory- Critical Sociology • How big is state crime? State crimes Theorist Stanley Cohen: the culture of denial Theorist Stanley Cohen: why state crime is possible

34. State crimes • Mcloughlin 4 categories • Scale of state crime • The states power (law making), national sovereignty and the media (3rd world reporting) • Human rights • Critical criminology • Examples • The link between state crime and green crime

38. Outline two ways in which state crimes may occur (4 marks) Outline two ways in which globalisation can be seen as responsible for corporate crime (4 marks)