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Diagram of the bacterial stringent res

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Diagram of the bacterial stringent res

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  1. Diagram of the bacterial stringent response system. Two parallel pathways synthesize pppGpp (which is subsequently converted into ppGpp) from ATP and GTP in response to any of several stress signals. Through interactions with RNA polymerase (RNAP), ppGppalters much of metabolism (– indicates inhibition; + indicates stimulation).

  2. Diagram of the bacterial stringent response system. Two parallel pathways synthesize pppGpp (which is subsequently converted into ppGpp) from ATP and GTP in response to any of several stress signals. Through interactions with RNA polymerase (RNAP), ppGppalters much of metabolism (– indicates inhibition; + indicates stimulation).

  3. Model of how SpoT governs the life cycle of Legionellapneumophilain macrophages. Beginning at the upper left, ppGpptriggers the transformation of the replicative form into the highly resilient, motile, transmissive form. After being phagocytized, the transmissivebacteria inhibit fusion with lysosomes(small, dashed empty vacuole). Favorable growth conditions within a vacuole formed from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) leads to hydrolysis of ppGpp by the bacterial SpoT enzyme, and transformation into the replicative form ensues. Bacterial replication eventually is restricted within the ER-derived vacuole, causing SpoT to synthesize ppGpp, which triggers transformation of the Legionellaback to the transmissive form. The transmissivecells resist lysosomal degradation and migrate to new macrophages.

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