Adipocytokine Signaling Pathway

1. Adipocytokine Signaling Pathway The adipocytokine signaling pathway refers to the sum of all proteins, factors, and all proteins responsible for the regulation in the adipocytokine signaling pathway. Fat cells are an active endocrine and paracrine organ that secretes a variety of cytokines and biologically active substances that not only regulate energy balance in the body, but also participate in the process of inflammation, coagulation, fibrinolysis, insulin resistance, diabetes and atherosclerosis. A growing number of obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis and related diseases have drawn people’s attention to adipose tissue, which is no longer considered only as a passive reservoir of triglycerides (TG) and a source of free fatty acids. It is a broad and active endocrine organ. Fat cells secrete dozens of cytokines, such as leptin, adiponectin, acylation stimulating proteins, omentin and cytokines, collectively referred to as adipokines. Under physiological conditions, adipokines act mainly on adipose tissue (paracrine or autocrine) or circulate through blood circulation to distant target organs, regulating their growth and development, metabolism and tissue remodeling. However, under pathological conditions (such as obesity and metabolic syndrome), the synthesis and secretion of adipokines are disordered. The endocrine function of obese adipose tissue is focused on the negative metabolic effects caused by excess adipose tissue; the main consequence is the promotion of diabetes. The occurrence of obesity-related diseases is such as atherosclerosis (Figure 2). Obesity is closely related to insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, low inflammation, dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome (MS).