Towards Carbon Neutrality: HSBC Environmental Technology Partnership

1. Towards Carbon Neutrality: HSBC Environmental Technology Partnership Can UEA become Carbon Neutral? • Keith Tovey (Н.К.Тови杜伟贤)M.A., PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnv • Energy Science Director: HSBC Director of Low Carbon Innovation • School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK • Факультет экологических исследований, Университета Восточной Англии, • Норидж NR4 7TJ, Великобритания. • 汇丰银行低碳创新主管, 东英吉利大学环境科学院，诺威治, NR4 7TJ, 英国 CRed

2. Can UEA become Carbon Neutral? • How do we define carbon neutrality? • Can we be sure that ultimately we achieve such an aim? • What should we consider? • With the School of Environmental Sciences (a 5** department), can we be sure that our analysis avoids criticism? • What is extent of carbon footprint at present? • What our boundaries? • How should we tackle carbon neutrality? • Do we need independent verification? 2

3. What is the extent of Carbon footprint at UEA at present?Where is Energy used? • Gas consumption • Central Heating Boilers • CHP generation • Cooking / laboratories • Other sites –Village, NAM, remotely heated buildings (EFRY) • Heating Oil consumption – (backup for boilers) • Electricity Consumption • Transport

4. What is the extent of Carbon footprint at UEA at present?What Boundaries should we use? Gas, Oil and Electricity Consumption on Campus • How do we track how we are getting on? • What about expansion? - should we track our performance on a student unit basis?. -[would allow comparison with other similar institutions]. • What should be included? • teaching and communal areas • what about residences ?? • Transport? • activities associated with UEA • how are these defined? What if there is no documentary evidence of travel • - e.g. activities paid for by other bodies: Government: British Council etc. • transport to and from home of workforce?? • Procurement • equipment purchased • food and drink consumed on premises

5. How Could / Should Carbon Neutrality be achieved? Indirect Action Other Offsets Gold Standard Offsets Planting Trees Indirect Activities - Can these count? Green Electricity Direct Action Travel plan: Park and Ride, biodiesel Renewable generation: Solar, Wind, Biomass Conversion efficiency improvements Conservation: technical improvements – Conservation: management improvements – Conservation: by awareness raising What if we install renewable electricity generation and sell the ROCs? We could not then claim this action as carbon neutrality? – double counting

6. Target Day Conservation: by awareness raising Results of the “Big Switch-Off” BUT With a concerted effort savings of 25% or more are possible How can these be translated into long term savings?

7. Conservation: by awareness raising • Spot lights ON in ENV FOYER 24th October 2005 • Next to window • Provide no extra light • Reception Staff are aware • Cannot be switched off except from within Office • Cause emission of 400 kg of CO2 a year. Switch has now been taped to prevent it being turned on

8. Conservation: technical improvements – The Elizabeth Fry Building 1994 Cost 6% more but has heating requirement ~25% of average building at time. Building Regulations have been updated: 1994, 2002, 2006, but building outperforms all of these. Runs on a single domestic sized central heating boiler. Would have scored 13 out of 10 on the Carbon Index Scale. 8

9. Principle of Operation Principle of Operation Quadruple Glazing Quadruple Glazing Thick Insulation Thick Insulation Air circulates through whole fabric of building Air circulates through whole fabric of building Mean Surface Temperature close to Air Temperature Mean Surface Temperature close to Air Temperature

10. Principle of TermoDeck Operation Filter Supply duct to hollow core slabs Incoming Air Heater Exhaust Air Two channel regenerative heat exchanger Exhaust Air from rooms Diffuser Floor Slabs • Air is circulated through whole fabric of building • Uses regenerative Heat Exchangers ~ 87% efficient • Air is circulated through whole fabric of building • Uses regenerative Heat Exchangers ~ 87% efficient

11. Conservation: management improvements – User Satisfaction thermal comfort +28% air quality +36% lighting +25% noise +26% Careful Monitoring and Analysis can reduce energy consumption. A Low Energy Building is also a better place to work in

12. Conservation: technical improvements – Zuckerman Institute for Connective Environmental Research Carbon Trust: Low Energy Building of the Year 2005

13. Conservation: management improvements – The Green Corridor On rewiring - control for lighting in yellow corridor was solely provided by red switch. The Yellow Corridor Reluctantly contractors agreed to fit blue switch as an afterthought Lack of co-ordination can make things go wrong 13

14. Renewable generation: Solar, Wind, Biomass 34 kW Photo-Voltaic array – exports electricity on summer Weekends Plans for 2 (3?) 1.5 MW Turbines: 1.5 MW Biomass CHP / Trigeneration

15. Renewable generation: Solar Peak output is 34 kW Sometimes electricity is exported Inverters are only 91% efficient Most use is for computers DC power packs are inefficient typically less than 60% efficient Need an integrated approach 15

16. 3% Radiation Losses 11% Flue Losses GAS Exhaust Heat Exchanger Engine Generator 36% Electricity 50% Heat Conversion efficiency improvements Localised generation makes use of waste heat. Reduces conversion losses significantly 36%efficient 61% Flue Losses 86%efficient Engine heat Exchanger

17. Conversion efficiency improvements Before installation After installation This represents a 33% saving in carbon dioxide

18. Conversion efficiency improvements Load Factor of CHP Plant at UEA Demand for Heat is low in summer: plant cannot be used effectively More electricity could be generated in summer

19. Heat from external source Desorber Compressor Heat Exchanger W ~ 0 High Temperature High Pressure Heat rejected Absorber Condenser Throttle Valve Evaporator Low Temperature Low Pressure Heat extracted for cooling Conversion efficiency improvements Normal Chilling Adsorption Chilling 19

20. A 1 MW Adsorption chiller 1 MW 吸附冷却器 The Adsorption chiller will save around 700 tonnes CO2 吸附冷却器可为东滩提供空调系统 每一个可减少排放700吨CO2

21. Conversion efficiency improvements • Adsorption Heat pump uses Waste Heat from CHP • Will provide most of chilling requirements in summer • Will reduce electricity demand in summer • Will increase electricity generated locally • Save 500 – 700 tonnes Carbon Dioxide annually • BUT EU – ETS will penalise us for this!!!!!!!! • Allocations based on recent historic performance • Penalises early action • Penalises greater utility (and hence efficiency) of plant • we will emit more CO2 locally but save overall • Allocation should be based on unit of performance • Present system rewards the less efficient plant

22. Transport • Have do we measure transport emissions? • What do we include? • Documentary evidence needed • But how do we account for a journey to London? • Should we use gross emissions of a train or incremental emissions? 21

23. Train Composition – Norwich London (ex Anglia Railways) Electricity Consumption 32.48 Wh/tonne – km average loading ~ 70% 30.93 Wh/tonne – km empty stock Figures derived from Office of Rail Regulation Report ORR/CT/RECRV/191

24. Driving to London ~ 32 kg Train ~ 7 kg Incremental Train ~ 0.5 kg Emission per passenger-km ~ 24.5 g incremental 2.4 g

25. Data from OFGEM Annual Report Feb: 2005 Renewable Compliance by ROCs RenewableCompliance by Buy-Out How Green is Green Electricity? 93.2% of Renewable Obligation is met by Major Suppliers: 55.8% by ROCs

26. How Green is Green Electricity?

27. How Green is Green Electricity?

28. How Green is Green Electricity? Data for Ecotricity Wind Farms Data for July 2004

29. How Green is Green Electricity? • What is needed for Transparency • The total amount of renewable electricity generated by their plant. • The total number of ROCs they held • The total number of customers on their “Green Tariffs” • The total amount of electricity supplied through their “Green Tariffs” • The total number of consumers • The total electricity sales to all consumers • A clear declaration of what their respective tariffs are for non green and green tariffs • An indication of how these tariffs are derived • The actual tariff (responsibility of the supplier) • The distribution charges (responsibility of DNO and common to all suppliers) • The meter reading chargers (repsonsibility of meter reading company) 28

30. Conclusions • UEA needs to clearly define what it means by Carbon Neutrality. • Boundaries of our consideration need to be addressed. • Significant steps have been taken already. • Further renewable energy projects are planned. BUT we need to • Make awareness more effective. • Further enhance Management issues. • Tackle transport both institutionally and by the individual. • Consider methodology for transport analysis • Think carefully about Green Electricity Tariffs "If you do not change direction, you may end up where you are heading." LaoTzu (604-531 BC) Chinese Artist and Taoist philosopher