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50 m

50 m. Figure 28.1c Too diverse for one kingdom: a slime mold ( Physarum polychalum ). Figure 28.4 A model of the origin of eukaryotes. Plastid. Dinoflagellates. Alveolates. Apicomplexans. Secondary endosymbiosis. Cyanobacterium. Ciliates. Red algae. Primary endosymbiosis.

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50 m

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  1. 50 m

  2. Figure 28.1c Too diverse for one kingdom: a slime mold (Physarum polychalum)

  3. Figure 28.4 A model of the origin of eukaryotes

  4. Plastid Dinoflagellates Alveolates Apicomplexans Secondary endosymbiosis Cyanobacterium Ciliates Red algae Primary endosymbiosis Stramenopiles Heterotrophic eukaryote Plastid Euglenids Secondary endosymbiosis Green algae Chlorarachniophytes

  5. Chlorophyta Rhodophyta Diplomonadida Animalia Plantae Fungi Euglenozoa Parabasala Radiolaria Cercozoa Amoebozoa (Opisthokonta) Stramenopila Alveolata (Archaeplastida) Fungi Plants Ciliates Diatoms Euglenids Red algae Metazoans Oomycetes Radiolarians Entamoebas Brown algae Parabasalids Diplomonads Chlorophytes Golden algae Kinetoplastids Dinoflagellates Apicomplexans Foraminiferans Gymnamoebas Charophyceans Choanoflagellates Cellular slime molds Chlorarachniophytes Plasmodial slime molds Ancestral eukaryote Unikonta Excavata Chromalveolata Rhizaria

  6. Figure 28.9 Giardia lamblia, a diplomonad

  7. Figure 28.10 Trichomonas vaginalis, a parabasalid

  8. Figure 28.3 Euglena: an example of a single–celled protist

  9. Flagella 0.2 µm Crystalline rod Ring of microtubules

  10. Figure 28.11x Trypanosoma, the kinetoplastid that causes sleeping sickness 9 m

  11. Figure 28.12 A dinoflagellate Flagella 3 µm

  12. Figure 28.12x2 Swimming with bioluminescent dinoflagellates

  13. Figure 28.14c Ciliates: Paramecium

  14. CONJUGATION AND REPRODUCTION Two cells of compatible mating strains align side by side and partially fuse. Meiosis of micronuclei produces four haploidmicronuclei in each cell. Three micronuclei in each cell disintegrate. The remaining micro-nucleus in each cell divides by mitosis. MEIOSIS The cells swap one micronucleus. Macronucleus Haploidmicronucleus Compatiblemates Diploidmicronucleus Diploidmicronucleus 8 3 9 1 2 4 5 6 7 MICRONUCLEARFUSION The cellsseparate. The original macro-nucleus disintegrates. Four micronuclei become macronuclei, while the other four remain micronuclei. Two rounds of cytokinesis partition one macronucleus and one micronucleus into each of four daughter cells. Three rounds of mitosis without cytokinesis produce eight micronuclei. Key Micronuclei fuse,forming a diploid micronucleus. Conjugtion Reproduction

  15. Hairy flagellum Smooth flagellum 5 µm

  16. Figure 28.16x2 Water mold: Oogonium

  17. Figure 28.x2 Powdery mildew

  18. Figure 28.17 Diatoms: Diatom diversity (left), Pinnularia (left)

  19. 3 µm

  20. Figure 28.18 A golden alga

  21. Figure 28.20x1 Kelp forest

  22. Blade Stipe Holdfast

  23. Figure 28.21 The life cycle of Laminaria: an example of alternation of generations

  24. Figure 28.28 Foraminiferan

  25. radiolarian Axopodia 200 µm

  26. Figure 28.26 Use of pseudopodia for feeding

  27. Figure 28.29x1 Plasmodial slime mold

  28. Figure 28.30x2 Stages of Dictyostelium

  29. Figure 28.22 Red algae: Dulse (top), Bonnemaisonia hamifera (bottom)

  30. Figure 28.23 Colonial and multicellular chlorophytes: Volvox (left), Caulerpa (right)

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