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An Introduction to Physical Geology

It is a gross concept of Physical Geology,a section of Geology.

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An Introduction to Physical Geology

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  1. Introduction to Physical Geology Presented by Tahsin Islam

  2. Table of Contents • Introduction • Scientific Method • Geology as a science • Why Geology? • Practical Aspects of Geology • Career in Geology • Branches of Geology • Physical Geology • Earth Systems

  3. Introduction Geology uses the scientific method to explain natural aspects of the Earth such as • Solar system • Earth’s Interior • Volcanism • Mountain Building • Weathering • Transportation • Erosion • Plate tectonics • Earthquake

  4. Scientific Method • Way of finding truth in the word • Geology is a science and it requires- • Observations • Measurements • Interpretations

  5. Scientific Method (Cont.)

  6. Geology as a science • Names came from Greek goddess “GAEA”,daughter of Chaos. • Geology derives from Greek word “Geo” means Earthand “Logos” means discourse/study. • The scientific study of the Earth- • How earth was formed • What earth is made of • How earth changes

  7. Why Geology? • Protecting Environment • Supply things we need • Avoiding Geo-hazards

  8. Geologic Hazards • Earthquakes • Volcanoes Floods

  9. Practical Aspects of Geology • Natural Resources • All manufactured objects depend on Earth’s resources • Localized concentrations of useful geological resources are mined or extracted • If it can’t be grown, it must be mined • Most resources are limited in quantity and non-renewable

  10. Career in Geology • Petroleum geologist • Mining geologist • Environmental geologist • Marine geologist • Hydrogeologist • Glaciologist • Volcanologist • Sedimentologist • Geophysicists • Engineering geologist • Teaching

  11. Branches of Geology • Physical Geology • Historical Geology • Mineralogy • Petrology • Geochemistry • Volcanology • Stratigraphy • Sedimentology • Palaeontology • Geomorphology • Hydrogeology • Structural Geology

  12. Physical Geology Concerned with Earth materials as well as The Processesthat operate on those materials, either at or beneath the surface of the Earth. • Earth materials:elements, minerals, rocks, water

  13. Physical Geology Cont. • Processes: • plate tectonics, • volcanic eruptions, • earthquakes, • mountain building, • actions of glaciers, • oceans, • wind, • weathering • erosion.

  14. Earth Systems Planet earth has some components which is termed as earth systems/spheres • Atmosphere- gases that envelop Earth • Hydrosphere-water on or near Earth’s surface • Biosphere-all living or once-living materials • Geosphere-rock and other inorganic materials

  15. Earth Systems • Earth’s Heat Engines • - External (energy from the Sun) • Primary driver of atmospheric (weather) and hydrospheric (ocean currents) circulation • Controls weathering of rocks at Earth’s surface • - Internal (heat moving from hot interior to cooler exterior) • Primary driver of most geospheric phenomena (volcanism, magmatism, tectonism)

  16. The Solar System

  17. Earth’s Interior • Compositional Layers • Crust (~3-70 km thick) • -Very thin outer rocky shell of Earth • Continental crust - thicker and less dense Oceanic crust - thinner and more dense • Mantle(~2900 km thick) • Hot solid that flows slowly over time; • Fe-, Mg-, Si-rich minerals • Core(~3400 km radius) • Outer core - metallic liquid; mostly iron • Inner core - metallic solid; mostly iron

  18. Volcanism

  19. Mountain Building SE Asia Continent-Continent Convergence India 60 million years ago 30 million years ago Tibetan Plateau Himalaya Today

  20. Weathering

  21. Weathering

  22. Erosion

  23. Transportation • Transported by geologic agents like- • Wind • Water • Glacier

  24. Wind

  25. Water

  26. Glacier

  27. Earthquakes

  28. Plate Tectonics

  29. Tectonic Plate Boundaries • Divergent boundaries • Plates move apart • Magma rises, cools and forms new lithosphere • Typically expressed as mid-oceanic ridges • Transform boundaries • Plates slide past one another • Fault zones, earthquakes mark boundary • San Andreas fault in California • Convergent boundaries • Plates move toward each other • Mountain belts and volcanoes common • Oceanic plates may sink into mantle along a subduction zone, typically marked by a deep ocean trench

  30. Tectonic Plate Boundaries Transform Divergent Convergent boundary boundary boundary

  31. Theory of Plate Tectonics • Continental Drift Hypothesis • Originally proposed in early 20th century to explain the “fit of continents”, matching rock types and fossils across ocean basins, etc. • Plate Tectonics Theory • Originally proposed in the late 1960s • Included new understanding of the seafloor and explanation of driving force • Describes lithosphere as being broken into plates that are in motion • Explains origin and distribution of volcanoes, fault zones and mountain belts

  32. Creating Geo Hazard by Plate Tectonics

  33. Geologic Time

  34. Thank You All.

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