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Chapter 25

US Neutrality. Chapter 25. US Foreign Policy 1933-1934. It’s all about trying to reduce costs and increase trade!!!!!. Philippines. Too expensive to keep!!!!! Tydings – McDuffie Act (1934): Philippines would be granted independence after 10 years

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Chapter 25

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  1. US Neutrality Chapter 25

  2. US Foreign Policy 1933-1934 • It’s all about trying to reduce costs and increase trade!!!!!

  3. Philippines Too expensive to keep!!!!! • Tydings – McDuffie Act (1934): Philippines would be granted independence after 10 years • First they had to draft a constitution that we approved of • Actually takes 12 years because of WWII (July 4, 1946) • We promise • No US Army bases • US keeps Naval bases • Japanese viewed this as US abandoning power in Pacific- motivates them to take more territory

  4. US Recognizes Russia • U.S. formally recognized the Soviet Union in 1933 • Protests were voiced by • conservatives • Roman Catholics • FDR’s motivations: • establishing trade • counterweight to the possible threat of Germany and Japan

  5. Good Neighbor Policy • “I would dedicate this nation to the policy of the Good Neighbor.” -1933 inaugural speech • US would not uphold Roosevelt Corollary while FDR was in power - Seventh Pan-American Conference in Montevideo, Uruguay in late 1933

  6. Reciprocal Trade Agreement (1934) Created by Secretary of State, Cordell Hull • President could lower tariffs by as much as 50% without consulting Congress • High tariffs choke off foreign trade • Trade wars bring about shooting wars • Ushers in idea of Free Trade that takes off after WWII • No blanket tariffs, negotiate by region –keep tariffs low • US trade increased dramatically

  7. America reacts to increasing tension in Europe • US desperately wants to avoid getting involved in another European conflict • Issues legislation that is designed to keep us out of another WWI, not fully taking into account the current situation…

  8. American Isolationism in the face of increasing European Tensions Johnson Debt Default Act (1934) – nations who defaulted on their debts can’t borrow further • “If attacked again they can stew in their own juices.” Other calls for isolationism 1. amendment : can only declare war if invaded • proposed numerous times, never passes • 2. war could be declared by popular vote

  9. Neutrality Acts • The Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937 – when taken together • Stated that when the president proclaimed the existence of a foreign war • No American could legally sail on a belligerent ship (ship of a country at war) • Sell or transport war material to a belligerent (country at war), or • Make loans to a belligerent (country at war) • The Acts were tailored to keep the U.S. out of a conflict like WW I • Abandoned freedom of the seas • Allows us to sit back as dictators advance their plans • Ethiopia, Spain, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Albania, Poland… What events are influencing the passage of these acts?

  10. European Acts of Aggression • 1933: Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany • 1934: August Hitler becomes Fuehrer • 1935: • 3/16/35- Hitler announces the build up of the Germany military violating the Treaty of Versailles • US passes neutrality act of 1935

  11. European Acts of Aggression • 10/3/35- Italy invades Ethiopia • One of 3 independent nations in Africa • Ethiopia appealed to the League of Nations to come to their defense, they condemn the attack but do nothing

  12. European Acts of Aggression • 1936: • 3/7/36-German Troops Occupy the Rhineland • Hitler is continuing to test T.O.V. • Moves troops into demilitarized zone on the German /French border • No one does anything, emboldens Hitler • Britain and France follow policy of appeasement France

  13. European Acts of Aggression • 7/17/36- Spanish Civil War breaks out ( ends 4/39) • Fascist Franco leads revolt against Republicans (loyalist) government • Aided by Hitler and Mussolini ; want another Fascist on the continent • Money and supplies • Loyalists aided by Soviets; fearful of another fascist on the continent • Send money and supplies • Britain and France remain neutral • US responds by passing the Neutrality Acts of 1936 and 37 • Some Americans volunteer to fight with the loyalists and head to Spain

  14. European Acts of Aggression • 1938: • 3/12 &13/38- Germany announces Anschluss (union) with Austria

  15. European Acts of Aggression • 9/30/38-Munich Agreement • Hitler wants Sudetenland b/c 3 million German speaking people live there, begins propaganda campaign summer of 38 • Forbidden by T.O.V. • France, Great Britain request a meeting with Germany and Italy in hopes of avoiding war • France has a defensive pact with Czechoslovakia, Britain has one with France • agree to allow Hitler to annex the Sudetenland (part of Czechoslovakia) if he promises not to expand any more • Make it clear to Hitler that Poland is off limits Policy of Appeasement: Give Hitler what he wants so he doesn't come after us • Neville Chamberlin (PM of G.B.): • “Peace in our time” Poland France

  16. Appeasement ?!? • Why appeasement? • Want to avoid war at all costs • Concerned about poor economic situation of their own nation • Fearful of another devastating war in less than 2 decades • Any objections? • Winston Churchill (then member of Parliament, future PM of G.B.) • “ We are in the presence of a disaster of the first magnitude…we have sustained a defeat without war…and do not suppose that this is the end…this is only the first sip, the first foretaste of a bitter cup which will be proffered to us year by year unless, by a supreme recovery of moral health and martial vigor, we arise again and take our stand for freedom…”

  17. European Acts of Aggression • 8/23/39: German –Soviet non aggression pact signed • 3 parts • 1. USSR and Germany created a trade agreement • 2. promised remain neutral if either country engages in war (to last 10 years) • 3. Secret part of agreement: • if Germany invades Poland it will split the country with USSR • USSR can invade Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia and Finland without reprisal from Germany

  18. European Acts of Aggression • 9/1/39: Germany invades Poland • Britain and France have military alliance with Poland • 9/3/39: British and French declare war on Germany

  19. Fear of engagement in the Pacific • 12/ 1937 – The American gunboat, Panay, sailing in Chinese waters, is bombed and sunk by Japanese planes, leaving two U.S. sailors dead and thirty injured • Unlike U.S. reactions in the past, there was little to no U.S. outrage • Japan apologized, claimed they didn’t know it was a US vessel • Paid $2 million By 1939 Japan would control ¼ of China!

  20. American Neutrality after start of War WWII begins 9/1/39 • try to maintain neutrality as long as possible, but FDR sees the writing on the wall • Americans were overwhelmingly anti-Nazi • They definitely wanted B and F to prevail • FDR asks Congress to change Neutrality Acts –debate ensues

  21. American Neutrality after start of War • After six weeks the Neutrality Act of 1939 was passed: • European democracies could buy American war material on a “cash and carry” basis • Pick it up and pay in cash • We will go as far as Iceland • president authorized to declare danger zones - American ships were forbidden

  22. American Neutrality after start of War • The Act was designed so that America could avoid: • Making loans • Accumulating war debts • Torpedoing of American ships • The Act also accomplished these goals: • It favored democracies over dictators • Helped to solve the decade long unemployment crisis

  23. Greater US involvement • France Falls June 22,1940 • $37 billion to build a huge air fleet and a two-ocean navy (more than the entire cost of WW I and about five times the cost of any New Deal budget). • Congress passes a Conscription Law on September 6, 1940 – the nation’s first peacetime draft – • 2 million

  24. Greater US involvement • Americans divided! • Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies (CDAAA) was in favor of assisting Britain • The America First Committee argued that all of America’s resources should be used to defend its’ own shores (Charles Lindbergh and Henry Ford)

  25. Greater US involvement • Britain was in critical need of destroyers because German submarine attacks September 2, 1940– Presidential Agreement with Great Britain • 50 WW I vintage destroyers are transferred to the British in exchange for eight defensive base sites stretching from Newfoundland to South America

  26. Presidential Election 1940 • FDR (Democrat) vs. Wendell Willkie (Republican) • FDR= 3 terms / controversial • Experience helps him win • Willkie = FDR good, but no one should serve 3 terms

  27. Presidential Election 1940 449 electoral votes to 82

  28. Lend- Lease • By late 1940 Britain was running out of money • FDR’s solution was Lend-Lease(March 1941) • leasing American arms to the democracies for their use during the war • Support G.B. / keep us out of war • “Arsenal of democracy”

  29. Lend-Lease • One of the most momentous laws ever to pass Congress • geared U.S. factories for all-out war production • German submarines began to attack

  30. Meanwhile in the Pacific… • 1937 – Japan engages in an all-out attack of China, beginning the Sino-Japanese War • To avoid invoking the Neutrality Act, FDR wouldn’t declare this a war • Want to help China • Worried about Japan may go after Hawaii, Philippines • Actually helps Japan b/c they have more $ • 10/ 37 : FDR delivers his “Quarantine Speech”- calling for a voluntary embargo on selling goods to Japan • Isolationists upset, causing FDR to back off

  31. Fear of engagement in the Pacific • 12/ 1937 – The American gunboat, Panay, sailing in Chinese waters, is bombed and sunk by Japanese planes, leaving two U.S. sailors dead and thirty injured • Unlike U.S. reactions in the past, there was little to no U.S. outrage • Japan apologized, claimed they didn’t know it was a US vessel • Paid $2 million By 1939 Japan would control ¼ of China!

  32. Meanwhile in the Pacific: June 1940 • Japan gets stuff from their Allies to help them attack nations in S. Pacific • Need rubber and oil. • Occupy French Indochina • German’s give it to them • Build airfields

  33. Increasing Tension with Japan US response: • Extended Lend –Lease to China • Refused to export arms to Japan • Froze all Japanese assets (money) in the United States • Stopped exporting oil to Japan—a significant punishment, considering 80 percent of Japanese oil came from the United States • Roosevelt : withdraw from China or these punishments stay in place • FDR moves Pacific fleet to Hawaii : Summer 1940 • Nov 1941, we know an attack is coming but think it will be at British Malaya or the Philippines

  34. Japanese Attack the US at Pearl Harbor: December 7, 1941 • The attacking planes came in two waves; the first hit its target at 7:53 AM, the second at 8:55. • By 9:55 it was all over. • 2,403 dead • 161 destroyed planes , 108 damaged • a crippled Pacific Fleet that included 3 damaged and 5 sunken battleships. • 2 of the 5 battleships that were sunk were salvaged. The 3 damaged ships were repaired by Feb 1942 (only 2 months later!) • Americans united behind a declaration of war

  35. Pearl Harbor • The same day Japan was able to launch attacks against the Philippines, Guam, Midway, Wake Island and British Malaya • They would continue to gain territory for the next several months stopping just short of Australia • Failures of the attack: • 6 aircraft carriers were not there • 25 submarines not damaged • fuel oil storage facilities not targeted • dry dock (repair station) emerged unscathed. These would be the foundation for an eventual American victory.

  36. Declaration of War • December 8, 1941 US Declares War! • “Yesterday, December 7, 1941 - a date which will live in infamy - the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan. “ –FDR

  37. The home front during the war • Military spending revived the economy • Government instituted price controls to keep inflation in check • Formal rationing, unlike WWI • OPA = Office of Price Administration

  38. Home Front • Continued migration of African Americans north • 1.6 million left South • FDR issued executive order forbidding discrimination in defense industries • Double V campaign

  39. Home front • “Rosie the Riveter” was the nickname given to American women who did industrial work in the 1940s • Significant movement of married women into the workforce, many pushed out after the war

  40. Home Front • Korematsu v. United States • Internment of Japanese Americans during WWII raised questions of constitutionality • Supreme Court ruled that limitations of rights during wartime was acceptable

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