Mrs. Dalloway (1925) To the Lighthouse (1927) Orlando (1928)

1. Mrs. Dalloway (1925)To the Lighthouse (1927)Orlando (1928) 中外文學 黃心雅 教授 2008年12月25日

2. Virginia Woolf as an Author • Birth:1882—1941 • Novelist, critic, and essayist • regarded as one of the foremost modernistliterary figures of the twentieth century. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Woolf

3. blog.udn.com/jason080/2368998

4. All I could do was to offer you an opinion upon one minor point—a woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction; and that, as you will see, leaves the great problem of the true nature of woman and the true nature of fiction unsolved” (chapter 1, A Room of One’s Own)

5. Fiction The Voyage Out（出航，1915） Night and Day（夜與日，1919） Jacob's Room（雅各的房間，1920） Mrs. Dalloway（達洛維夫人，1925） To the Lighthouse（到燈塔去，1927） Orlando: a Biography（奧蘭多，1928） The Waves（海浪，1931） The Years（歲月，1937） Between the Acts（幕間，1941） The Haunted House and Others （鬼屋及其他） Woolf’s works Non-fiction A Room of One's Own (自己的房間，1929) The Common Reader I (普通讀本， 1925) The Second Common Reader (普通讀本II ， 1933) Three Guineas (三個畿尼，1938） Roger Fry: A Biography（羅傑·弗萊傳記，1940） The Death of the Moth and Other Essays（飛蛾之死及其它，1942） The Moment and Other Essays（瞬間及其它隨筆，1948） Moments of Being（存在的瞬間） Modern Fiction（現代小說，1919）

6. D. Virginia Woolf (1882-1941) 1882. Born (25 Jan) Adeline Virginia Stephen, third child of Leslie Stephen, comfortable upper middle class background. Brothers Thoby and Adrian went to Cambridge, and her sister Vanessa became a painter. Virginia was educated by private tutors and by extensive reading of literary classics in her father's library. 1895. Death of her mother. VW has the first of many nervous breakdowns. Father later remarries.

7. 1896. Travels in France with her sister Vanessa. 1897. Death of half-sister, Stella. VW learning Greek and History at King's College London. 1899. Brother Thoby enters Trinity College, Cambridge and subsequently meets Lytton Strachey, Leonard Woolf, and Clive Bell. These Cambridge friends subsequently become known as the Bloomsbury Group, of which VW was an important and influential member.

8. 1904. Death of father. Beginning of second serious breakdown. VW's first publication is an unsigned review in The Guardian. Travels in France and Italy with her sister Vanessa and her friend Violet Dickinson. VW moves to Gordon Square. 1905. Travels in Spain and Portugal. Writes reviews and teaches once a week at Morley College, London, an evening institute for working men and women. 1906.Travels in Greece. Death of brother Thoby Stephen. 1907. Marriage of sister Vanessa to Clive Bell. VW moves with brother Adrian to live in Fitzroy Square. Working on her first novel (to become The Voyage Out).

9. 1908. Visits Italy with the Bells. 1909. Lytton Strachey [homosexual] proposes marriage. VW meets Ottiline Morell, visits Bayreuth and Florence. 1910. Works for women's suffrage. Spends time in a nursing home in Twickenham. First exhibition of Post-Impressionist painters arranged by Roger Fry. 1911. VW moves to Brunswick Square, sharing house with brother Adrian, Maynard Keynes, Duncan Grant, and Leonard Woolf. Travels to Turkey. 1912. Marries Leonard Woolf. Travels for honeymoon to Provence, Spain, and Italy. Moves to Clifford's Inn.

10. 1913. Mental illness and her first attempted suicide. Put in care of husband and nurses. 1915. Purchase of Hogarth House, Richmond. The Voyage Out published and well received. Another bout of violent madness. 1916. Lectures to Richmond branch of the Women's Co-Operative Guild. regular work for the Times Literary Supplement [whose reviews were at that time anonymous].

11. 1917. L and VW buy hand printing machine and establish the Hogarth Press. First publication The Mark on the Wall. Later goes on to publish T.S. Eliot, Freud, and VW's own books. 1919. Purchase of Monk's House, Rodmell. Night and Day published. Brief friendship with Katherine Mansfield. Both are conscious of experimenting with the substance and the style of prose fiction. 1920. Works on journalism and Jacob's Room. 1921. Monday or Tuesday published. VW ill for most of the summer.

12. 1922. Jacob's Room published. Meets Vita-Sackville West with whom she has a brief love affair. Writing encouraged by E.M. Forster, Strachey, and Leonard Woolf. 1923. Visits Spain. Works on 'The Hours' - an early version of Mrs Dalloway. 1924. Purchase of lease on house in Tavistock Square. Gives lecture that becomes 'Mr Bennett and Mrs Brown'. 1925. The Common Reader [essays] and Mrs Dalloway published. Major break with the traditional novel, its form and techniques.

13. 1930. First meets Ethel Smyth - pipe-smoking feminist composer, who falls in love with VW. Finishes first version of The Waves. 1931. The Waves - a novel composed of the thoughts of six characters which takes VW's literary experimentation to its natural limits. 1932. Death of Lytton Strachey. Begins 'The Partigers' which was to become The Years. 1934. Death of Roger Fry. Rewrites The Years. 1935. Rewrites The Years, Car tour through Holland, Germany, and Italy.

14. 1936. Begins Three Guineas - a 'sequel' to A Room of One's Own. 1938. Three Guineas extends the feminist critique of patriarchy, militarism, and privilege started in A Room of One's Own. 1939. Moves to Mecklenburgh Square, but lives mainly at Monk's House. Meets Freud in London. 1940. Biography Roger Fry published. London homes damaged/destroyed in blitz. 1941. VW completes Between the Acts, her last novel, then fearing the madness which she felt engulfing her again, filled her pockets with stones and drowned herself in the River Ouse, near Monk's House. [Her dates of 1882- 1941 are exactly those of James Joyce.]

15. feminism • lesbianism • shell shock, war • stream of consciousness

16. Stream of consciousness • Stream of consciousness writing aims to provide a textual equivalent to the stream of a fictional character’s consciousness. It creates the impression that the reader is eavesdropping on the flow of conscious experience in the character’s mind, gaining intimate access to their private “thoughts”. It involves presenting in the form of written text something that is neither entirely verbal nor textual. Stream of consciousness writing was developed in the early decades of the twentieth century when writers became interested in finding ways of laying open for readers’ inspection, in a way impossible in real life, the imagined inner lives of their fictional characters. The challenge was to find ways of writing that would create plausible textual presentations of the imagined thought-streams. • The term “stream of consciousness” was first used in psychology, to convey what was taken to be the flow of conscious experience, of what William James called “mind stuff”, in the brain. The term was introduced in James’s The Principles of Psychology (1890) to denote the continuous flow of thoughts, feelings and impressions which, he believed, is what makes up our inner lives. James was aware of the complexity of this “stream”. It does not consist of a single stream of consecutive items; many items may coexist. Cited from article by John Mepham, Kingston University http://www.litencyc.com/php/stopics.php?rec=true&UID=1062

17. 「意識流」Stream of consciousness • 「意識流」原是西方心理學上的術語，最初見於美國心理學家威廉·詹姆斯的論文《論內省心理學所忽略的幾個問題》。他認為人類的意識活動是一種連續不斷的流程。意識並不是片斷的銜接，而是流動的。 • 20世紀初，法國哲學家亨利·柏格森的「綿延論」強調生命衝動的連綿性、多變性。他的關於「心理時間」與「空間時間」的區分、關於直覺的重要性以及奧地利精神分析學家弗洛伊德的無意識結構和夢與藝術關係的理論，都對意識流文學的發展有過重大影響。 • 學術界一般認為意識流是象徵主義文學在小說領域的體現。但是由於其技巧獨特、成就很高，因此通常把意識流文學當成一個獨立的文學流派來處理。 http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E8%AF%86%E6%B5%81&variant=zh-tw

18. Mrs. Dalloway (1925) www.audiobooksonline.com

19. Mrs. Dalloway: Major Characters • Clarissa Dalloway-the heroine of the novel • Septimus Warren Smith- a veteran of World War I • Peter Walsh - A close friend of Clarissa's, once desperately in love with her • Sally Seton - figure in Clarissa's memory for most of the novel ;  A close friend of Clarissa and Peter in their youth • Richard Dalloway - Clarissa's husband

20. “Mrs. Dalloway said she would buy the flowers herself. For Lucy had her work cut out for her. The doors would have to be taken off their hinges; Rumpelmayer’s men were coming. And then, thought Clarissa Dalloway, what a morning—fresh as if issued to children on a beach.” Vanessa Redgrave plays Mrs. Dalloway in Marleen Gorris' adaptation of Virginia Woolf's novel. www.metroactive.com

21. Structure of Mrs. Dalloway • Part I: From the opening scene in which Clarrisa sets out to buy flowers, to her return home, (early morning-11:00 am.) • Part 2: from Classrisa’s return form the shops thought Peter Walsh’s visit (11:00 am -11:30 am) • Part 3: from Peter leaving Clarissa’s house through his memory of being rejected by Clarissa (11:30 am -11:45 am) • Part 4: from little Elise Mitchell running into Rezia’s legs to the Smiths’ arrival on Harley Street (11:45 am-12:00 pm) • Part 5: from Septimus’s appointment with Sir William Bradshaw to lunchtime at half past one (12:00pm-1:30 pm) • Part 6: from Hugh Whitbread examining socks and shoes in a shop window before lunching With Lady Bruton through Clarissa resting on the sofa after Richard has left for the house of Commons (1:30 pm-3:00 pm) • Part 7: from Elizabeth telling her mother she is going shpping with Miss Kilman through Elizabeth boarding an omnibus to return home to her mother’s party (3:00 pm-late afternoon) • Part 8: form Septimus obsserving dancing sunlight in his home while Rezia works on a hat through Septimus’s suicide (late afternoon-6:00 pm) • Part 9: from Peter Walsh hearing the sound of an ambulance siren to his opening his knife before entering Clarissa’s party (6:00 pm-early night) • Part 10: from servants making last –minute party preparations through the end of the party and the appearance of Clarissa (early night-3:00 am)

22. Mrs. Dalloway • Clarissa once, going on top of an omnibus with him [Peter Welsh] somewhere, Clarissa superficially at least, so easily moved, now in despair, now in the best of spirits, all aquiver in those days and such good company, spotting queer little scenes, names, people from the top of a bus, ……—Clarissa had a theory in those days—they had heaps of theories, always theories, as young people have. It was to explain the feeling they had of dissatisfaction; not knowing people; not being known. For how could they know each other? You met every day; then not for six months, or years. It was unsatisfactory, they agreed, how little one knew people. But she said, sitting on the bus going up Shaftesbury Avenue, she felt herself everywhere; not “here, here, here”; and she tapped the back of the seat; but everywhere.

23. Mrs. Dalloway • Clarissa thought: She felt somehow very like him—the young man who had killed himself. She felt glad that he had done it; thrown it away. The clock was striking. The leaden circles dissolved in the air. He made her feel the beauty; made her feel the fun. But she must go back. She must assemble.

24. To the Lighthouse (1927) this book's cover was designed by Vanessa Bell, Virginia Woolf's sister. www.lib.udel.edu

25. Structure of To the Lighthouse • The Window • Time Passes • The Lighthouse the dinner scene in Berkeley Repertory Theatre’s adaptation of To the Lighthouse by Virginia Woolf. Director Les Waters www.theaterdogs.net/category/thornton-wilder/

26. To the Lighthouse: Major Characters • Mrs. Ramsay: Mr. Ramsay's wife. A beautiful and loving woman • Mr. Ramsay: Mrs. Ramsay's husband, and a prominent metaphysical philosopher • Lily Briscoe: A young, single painter who befriends the Ramsays on the Isle of Skye • James Ramsay: The Ramsays' youngest son

27. To the Lighthouse • Themes: • The Transience of Life and Work • Art as a Means of Preservation • The Subjective Nature of Reality www.naxosaudiobooks.com/northamerica/203612.htm

28. Orlando (1928) http://www.smith.edu/library/libs/rarebook/exhibitions/images/penandpress/large/11a_orlando_jacket.jpg

29. Orlando: Major Characters • Orlando -the protagonist and title-character of the novel/a wealthy nobleman who is adventurous and artistic • Princess Sasha - a Russian princess, a Muscovite • Shel - a brave, gallant seaman • Archduchess Henrietta / Archduke Harry - a very tall man who dresses as a woman because he is in love with Orlando (as a man) • Sir Nicholas Greene - once as a 17th-century poet and later as the most eminent Victorian literary critic • Mr. Pope- Alexander Pope, a 18th-century poet • Rustum- the old gypsy man of the tribe in the hills of Turkey • Rosina Pepita- a Spanish woman in Turkey, Rosina's marriage to Orlando lasts only a day

30. Orlando • Themes: • Fact and Imagination • Gender differences • Conforming to society http://skullcull.files.wordpress.com/2008/03/orlando03.jpg

31. Orlando: Chapter IV • The narrator : Different though the sexes are, they intermix. In every human being a vacillation from one sex to the other takes place, and often it is only the clothes that keep the male and female likeness, while underneath the sex is the very opposite of what it is above. Of the complications and confusions which thus result every one has had experience; but here we leave the general question and note only the odd effect it had in the particular case of Orlando herself.