Warm up: Identify both the author and the meaning behind the “Wisconsin Idea.”

1. Warm up: Identify both the author and the meaning behind the “Wisconsin Idea.”

2. Chapter 22B (710-721) Progressivism (continued)

3. A. Education 1. John Dewey’s Instrumentalism, a philosophy of using intelligence as an instrument of social action; or using schools as instruments of reform 2. Oliver Wendell Holmes argued that law schools should reflect the changes and reform and recognize that law has to evolve as society changes—cannot rely on legal principles and precedents.

4. B. Novelists and Journalists: “muckrakers” who exposed political corruption and corporate wrongdoing 1. Ida Tarbell’s History of Standard Oil 2. Lincoln Steffens: exposed municipal fraud in St. Louis; The Shame of the Cities; 3. Maria Van Vorst: exposed a Massachusetts shoe factory where women’s fingers literally rotted off. 4. Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle

5. Jacob Riis, How The Other Half Lives photographs and stories about the wretched conditions in the city slums.

6. John Spargo’s The Bitter Cry of the Children “Work in the coal breakers is exceedingly hard and dangerous. Crouched over the chutes, the boys sit hour after hour, picking out the pieces of slate and other refuse from the coal as it rushes past to the washers. From the cramped position they have to assume, most of them become more or less deformed and bent-backed like old men…. for ten hours at a stretch, for sixty cents a day.

7. Lincoln Steffens’ The Shame of the Cities (1904) “The machine controls the whole process of voting, and practices fraud at every stage. The assessor's list is the voting list, and the assessor is the machine's man. . . . The assessor pads the list with the names of dead dogs, children, and non-existent persons. Lincoln Steffens

8. IDA TARBELL revealed the abuses committed by the Standard Oil trust. “ Every great campaign against rival interests which the Standard Oil Company has carried on has been … to build up and sustain a monopoly in the oil industry.” History of the Standard Oil Company 1904

9. “There were the men in the picklerooms for instance… scarce a one to these that had not some spot of horror on his person. Let a man so much as scrape his finger pushing a truck in the pickerooms and he might have a sore that would put him out of the world; all the joints in his fingers might be eaten by the acid, one by one. Of the butchers and floorsmen, the beef-boners and trimmers, and all those who used knives, you could scarcely find a person who had the use of his thumb; time and time again the base of it had been slashed, till it was a mere lump of flesh

10. against which the man pressed the knife to hold it. The hands of these men would be crisscrossed with cuts, until you could no longer pretend to count them or to trace them. They would have no nails, - they had worn them off pulling hides; their knuckles were swollen so that their fingers spread out like a fan.” There was never the least attention paid to what was cut up for sausage; there would come all the way back from Europe old sausage that had been rejected, and that was moldy and white – it would be dosed with borax and glycerine, and dumped

11. into the hoppers, and made over again for home consumption. There would be meat that had tumbled out on the floor, in the dirt and sawdust, where the workers had tramped and spit uncounted billions of consumption germs. There would be meat stored in great piles in rooms; and the water from leaky roofs would drip over it, and thousands of rats would race about on it. It was too dark in these storage places to see well, but a man could run his hand over these piles of meat and sweep off handfuls of the dried dung of rats. These rats

12. were nuisances, and the packers would put poisoned bread out for them; they would die, and then rats, bread, and meat would go into the hoppers together. This is no fairy story and no joke; the meat would be shoveled into carts, and the man who did the shoveling would not trouble to lift out a rat even when he saw one – there were things that went into the sausage in comparison with which a poisoned rat was a tidbit. Under the system of rigid economy which the packers enforced, there were some jobs that it

13. only paid to do once in a long time, and among these was the cleaning out of the waste barrels. Every spring they did it; and in the barrels would be dirt and rust and old nails and stale water – and cartload after cartload of it would be taken up and dumped into the hoppers with fresh meat, and sent out to the public's breakfast. Some of it they would make into "smoked" sausage but as the smoking took time, and was therefore expensive, they would call upon their chemistry department, and preserve it with borax and color it with gelatine to make it brown. All of their

14. sausage came out of the same bowl, but when they came to wrap it they would stamp some of it "special," and for this they would charge two cents more a pound. UPTON SINCLAIR wrote The Jungle, a novel on the horrors of the meatpacking industry.

15. Food: Raspberries (canned and frozen) Contaminant: Whole insects Acceptable level: 9 insects per 16-oz. can Food: Chocolate Contaminant: Insect fragments Acceptable level: 44 fragments per 1.55-oz. bar Food: Canned orange juice Contaminant: Fly eggs Acceptable level: 4 eggs per cup Food: Macaroni Contaminant: Rodent hairs Acceptable level: 8 hairs per lb. Food: Mushrooms (drained) Contaminant: Maggots Acceptable level: 8 maggots 2 mm or longer per 8-oz. can Food: Peanut butter Contaminant: Insect fragments Acceptable level: 232 fragments per 28-oz. jar Food: Potato chips Contaminant: Rot Acceptable level: 5% of the bag Food: Wheat Contaminant: Rodent excreta pellets Acceptable level: 8 mg per 1 kg Meat inspection Act of 1906; Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906

16. C. Municipal reforms 1. Reform mayors included Samuel “Golden Rule” Jones of Toledo, Ohio; Hazen Pingree of Detroit; Tom Johnson of Cleveland 2. Reformers wanted to a. “Throw the rascals out.” b. Replace private monopolies on water, gas, electricity, and public transportation with publicly owned companies c. Bring efficiency and expertise to municipal government with professional managers and administrators d. Recall, referendum, initiatives for state legislatures

17. 3. Urban beautification and sanitation a. More parks, streetlights, anti-billboard legislation, unsightly overhead wires, new public building and recreational resources; Daniel Burnham urban development project of Chicago, San Fran. and Cleveland were attempts to restore pride in metropolitan areas b. Better garbage collection, milk inspection, public-health programs, stricter housing codes Burnham’s Carbide and Carbon Building, Chicago

18. Architect Robinson’s Charming Dream of the Los Angeles City Beautiful Grand boulevard entrance, stretching away in delightful vista of a mile from magnificent union railroad station through heart of the city to Central Park and Normal School heights on the west, proposed site for public library and museum.This is Fifth Street looking west. The Normal School tower is at the top of the hill where the Central Library now stands. The buildings on each side of this magnificent street were, of course, never constructed.

19. 4. Area of residence increasingly became an indicator of social class

20. D. Corporate reforms 1. Continued led by a public than did not want to destroy but to reform and control. 2. Robert La Follette created a series of economic and political reforms for state government known as the “Wisconsin Idea.” (p. 713) See notes

21. E. Morality 1. Anti-gambling, amusement parks, dance halls, and movies (nickelodeons or five-cent halls) p. 714 2. Prostitution a. Growing recognition of venereal disease problems b. “White slavery” scare c. Mann Act of 1910—federal crime to transport a woman across state lines for “immoral purposes.”

22. 3. Temperance movement a. Anti-Saloon league focus on legal abolition, not individual reform b. Women’s Christian Temperance Union c. 18th Amendment (1919) d. Pure Food and Drug Act; Hague Opium Treaty of 1912; Harrison Narcotics Act of 1914 (regulating heroin, morphine, cocaine, etc.)

23. F. Immigration-beginning of movement to restrict immigrants 1. Immigration Restriction League-.called for literacy test 2. American Federation of Labor-job competition 3. Sociological studies "proving' 'low mentality" of recent immigrants 4. Presidential vetoes would keep anti-immigration laws off the book until 1917

24. G. African-Americans under Progressivism 1. Progressives not supportive of racial equality 2. Jim Crow laws—strict segregation—were very common 3. Debate among African American community a. Booker T. Washington-stress on proving economic value to society; do not challenge status quo of society

25. BOOKER T. WASHINGTON: argued African Americans should focus on economic equality through vocational work,rather than political equality. "I have learned that success is to be measured not so much by the position that one has reached in life as by the obstacles which he has overcome while trying to succeed.

26. AFRICAN AMERICANS IN COLLEGE: attended primarily black institutions. Students at the Hampton Institute, Hampton, VA, working on their mechanical drawings.

27. Alabama A&M University (Ala.), www.aamu.edu • Alabama State University (Ala.), www.alasu.edu • Albany State University (Ga.), www.asurams.edu • Alcorn State University (Miss.), www.alcorn.edu • Allen University (S.C.), www.allenuniversity.edu • Arkansas Baptist College (Ark.), www.arbaptcol.edu • Barber-Scotia College (N.C.), www.b-sc.edu/ • Benedict College (S.C.), www.benedict.edu • Bennett College (N.C.), www.bennett.edu • Bethune-Cookman College (Fla.), www.bethune.cookman.edu • Bishop State Community College (Ala.) • Bluefield State College (W.Va.), www.bluefield.wvnet.edu • Bowie State University (Md.), www.bowiestate.edu • Central State University (Ohio), www.centralstate.edu • Charles Drew University of Medicine (Calif.), www.cdrewu.edu • Cheyney University (Pa.), www.cheyney.edu • Chicago State University (Ill.) • Claflin College (S.C.), www.claflin.edu • Clark Atlanta University (Ga.), www.cau.edu • Clinton Junior College (S.C.) • Coahoma Community College (Miss.) • Concordia College (Ala.) • Coppin State College (Md.), www.coppin.edu • Delaware State University (Del.), www.dsc.edu • Denmark Technical College (S.C.) • Dillard University (La.), www.dillard.edu • Edward Waters College (Fla.), www.ewc.edu • Elizabeth City State University (N.C.), www.ecsu.edu • Fayetteville State University (N.C.), www.uncfsu.edu • Fisk University (Tenn.), www.fisk.edu • Florida A&M University (Fla.), www.famu.edu • Florida Memorial College (Fla.), www.fmc.edu • Fort Valley State University (Ga.), www.fvsu.edu • Grambling State University (La.), www.gram.edu • Hampton University (Va.), www.hamptonu.edu • Harris-Stowe State College (Mo.), www.hssc.edu • Hinds Community College (Miss.) • Howard University (D.C.), www.howard.edu • Huston-Tillotson College (Tex.), www.htc.edu • Interdenominational Theological Center (Ga.), www.itc.edu • J. F. Drake State Technical College (Ala.) • Jackson State University (Miss.), www.jsums.edu • Jarvis Christian College (Tex.), www.jarvis.edu • Johnson C. Smith University (N.C.), www.jcsu.edu • Kentucky State University (Ky.), www.kysu.edu • Knoxville College (Tenn.), www.knoxvillecollege.edu • Lane College (Tenn.), www.lanecollege.edu • Langston University (Okla.) www.lunet.edu • Lawson State Community College (Ala.) • LeMoyne-Owen College (Tenn.), www.lemoyne-owen.edu • Lewis College of Business (Mich.), www.lewiscollege.edu • Lincoln University (Mo.), www.lincolnu.edu • Lincoln University (Pa.), www.lincoln.edu • Livingstone College (N.C.), www.livingstone.edu • Mary Holmes College (Miss.) • Meharry Medical College (Tenn.), www.mmc.edu • Miles College (Ala.), www.miles.edu • Mississippi Valley State University (Miss.), www.mvsu.edu • Morehouse College (Ga.), www.morehouse.edu • Morehouse School of Medicine (Ga.), www.msm.edu • Morgan State University (Md.), www.morgan.edu • Morris Brown College (Ga.), www.morrisbrown.edu • Morris College (S.C.), www.morris.edu • Norfolk State University (Va.), www.nsu.edu • North Carolina A&T State University (N.C.), www.ncat.edu • North Carolina Central University (N.C.), www.nccu.edu • Oakwood College (Ala.), www.oakwood.edu • Paine College (Ga.), www.paine.edu • Paul Quinn College (Tex.), www.pqc.edu • Philander Smith College (Ark.), www.philander.edu • Prairie View A&M University (Tex.), www.pvamu.edu • Rust College (Miss.), www.rustcollege.edu • Saint Augustine's College (N.C.), www.st-aug.edu • Saint Paul's College (Va.), www.saintpauls.edu • Saint Philip's College (Tex.) • Savannah State University (Ga.), www.savstate.edu • Selma University (Ala.) • Shaw University (N.C.), www.shawuniversity.edu • Shelton State Community College (Ala.) • Shorter College (Ark.) • South Carolina State University (S.C.), www.scsu.edu • Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge (La.), www.subr.edu • Southern University, New Orleans (La.), www.suno.edu • Southern University, Shreveport (La.), www.susla.edu • Southwestern Christian College (Tex.), www.swcc.edu • Spelman College (Ga.), www.spelman.edu • Stillman College (Ala.), www.stillman.edu • Talladega College (Ala.), www.talladega.edu • Tennessee State University (Tenn.), www.tnstate.edu • Texas College (Tex.), www.texascollege.edu • Texas Southern University (Tex.), www.tsu.edu • Tougaloo College (Miss.), www.tougaloo.edu • Trenholm State Technical College (Ala.) • Tuskegee University (Ala.), www.tusk.edu • University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff (Ark.), www.uapb.edu • University of Maryland, Eastern Shore (Md.), www.umes.edu • University of the District of Columbia (D.C.), www.udc.edu • University of the Virgin Islands (V.I.), www.uvi.edu • Virginia State University (Va.), www.vsu.edu • Virginia Union University (Va.), www.vuu.edu • Voorhees College (S.C.), www.voorhees.edu • West Virginia State College (W.Va.), www.wvsc.edu • Wilberforce University (Ohio), www.wilberforce.edu • Wiley College (Tex.), www.wileyc.edu • Winston-Salem State University (N.C.), www.wssu.edu • Xavier University of Louisiana (La.), www.xula.edu

28. b. W.E.B. Du Bois-The Souls of Black Folk-, stress on civil rights and liberal arts education 1. Niagara movement- 2. NAACP-founded by whites and blacks middle class and took on legal issues such as lynching and then segregation 3. Movement north for economic improvement but continued discrimination

29. W.E. B. DUBOIS: argued that the brightest African Americans seek an advanced liberal arts education rather than vocational; helped found the NAACP

30. H. Women’s Suffrage movement ( map p. 719) 1. Grass-roots movement that started among middle-class urban women 2. NAWSA, led by Anthony and, later, Carrie Chapman Catt used lobbying, parades and rallies to gain state right to vote (primarily West and Midwest)

31. Carrie Chapman Catt (1859-1947), women's suffrage leader Alice Paul: who organized the Woman's Party The campaign for the ERA of the 1910s was so radical that most social feminists rejected it out of fear that the proposed constitutional amendment would endanger protective legislation for women.

32. SUSAN B. ANTHONY: Crusader for prohibition, anti-slavery and women’s rights. See http://www.pbs.org/stantonanthony/

33. Elizabeth Cady Stanton: Helped set up the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848, the first women’s right convention in U.S. history. 1815-1902

34. Lucretia Mott 1793-1880 Lucy Stone 1815-1903

35. NAWSA: National American Woman Suffrage Association tried to get women the right to vote although married women could now buy, sell, or will property. NAWSA march 1913, Washington, DC

36. 3. Alice Paul's Congressional Union focused on a Constitutional amendment, which in part because of the war effort of women, was ratified in 1920

37. ALICE PAUL: headed the NAWSA committee that was working on congressional passage of the federal suffrage amendment.

38. CONGRESSIONAL UNION: more militant faction that staged protests, burned effigies of Wilson, and staged hunger strikes in jail. Condemned by NAWSA because CU to militant.

39. WESTERN STATES: easiest to convince to let women have the right to vote; states that gave women the vote gained electoral votes.

40. The Nineteenth Amendment In addition to the ERA, another point of division among various feminist groups was World War I. Jane Addams and other social feminists were vocal pacifists who opposed Wilson's decision to enter the war. Hard-core suffragists, led by Carrie Chapman Catt, endorsed Wilson's decision, with the understanding that women would get suffrage at war's end. As a result, Wilson urged Congress to pass the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution, pointing to women's loyalty in the war effort. Congress passed the Nineteenth Amendment 1919 and the states ratified it in 1920.

41. 19th AMENDMENT: Gave women the vote; women were supported because of their activities in WWI. In May 1919 the House of Representatives again passed the amendment (304 to 89) and on 4th June 1919 the Senate finally gave in and passed it by 66 to 30. On 26th August 1920 the Nineteenth Amendment was certified by the Secretary of State, when Tennessee, the thirty-sixth and final state needed, signed for ratification.

42. THE WOMAN QUESTION: the debate over women’s changing social roles. ISSUES: voting, owning private property, education, and professional jobs.

43. "Cult of True Womanhood" In the last half of the nineteenth century, Victorian ideals still held sway in American society, at least among members of the middle and upper classes. Strict, hierarchical Victorian thought promoted a so-called "cult of true Womanhood," 1.Piety--Advocates believed that women were far more religious and spiritual in nature than men. 2.Purity--America's women were supposed to be pure of heart, mind, and of course, body. 3.Submission--Women were supposed to live in a kind of perpetual childhood, passively responding to the actions and decisions of men. 4.Domesticity--The Industrial Revolution had created a clear division between the public sphere of work and the private sphere of home. Home and hearth became the domain of woman and her refuge from the temptations of everyday life.

44. I. Other Women's issue 1. "The Woman Question' 2. Clubs, settlement house leaders, and activists focused on numerous issues a. Child-labor laws: Florence Kelley, Mother Jones b. Birth control: Margaret Sanger c. Increasing women's academic spheres 3. Increasingly women began to view work as a rewarding and satisfying activity

45. MIDDLE CLASS WOMEN: spent much of their time volunteering primarily for intellectual and social reasons. WOMEN’S CLUBS: associations that increasingly focused on issues such as suffrage and political corruption.

46. J. Increasing feminist call for economic and political equality

47. THE NEW WOMAN: began showing their independence through shorter hair and more convenient clothing; however, most women focused on domestic life rather than greater social rights.

48. "Woman has a head almost too small for intellect, but just big enough for love.“—physician in the 1870s "Education is greatly to be desired. But it is better that the future matrons of this state should be without a university training, than it should be produced at the fearful expense of their ruined health. Better that the future mothers of our state should be robust, hearty, healthy women than that by overstudy, they entail upon their descendants the germs of disease.“ University of Wisconsin 1877 Home economics U. Of Wisconsin

50. Chapter 22B (710-721) Progressivism (continued)