Common Parathyroid Disorders in Children

1. . Common Parathyroid Disorders in Children Dr Sarar Mohamed FRCPCH (UK), MRCP (UK), CCST (Ire), CPT (Ire), DCH (Ire), MD Consultant Paediatric Endocrinologist & Metabolic Physician Associate Professor of Pediatrics King Saud University

2. . Agenda • Calcium homeostasis • Causes of hypocalcaemia • Rickets • hypercalcaemia

3. Key-players of calcium metabolism • Calcium & Phosphates • Parathyroid hormone (PTH). • Cholecalciferol (Vit.D3) and Calcitriol • Estrogen and other Sex hormones. • Calcitonin.

4. PARATHYROID HORMONE • Function of PTH • 1-raises the level of calcium in the blood • 2-decreases levels of blood phosphate. • 3-Partially antagonistic to calcitonin

5. PARATHYROID HORMONE • Secreation stimulated by fall in serum Ca. • mobilize calcium from bone • Increases renal reabsorption of ca • decreases renal clearance of calcium •  increase calcium absorption - intestine Calcium homeostasis

6. Vitamin D • Fat soluble ‘vitamin’ • Synthesised in skin • Food sources include fish oils

8. Vitamin D The active hormone is 1,25(OH)2D3 It increases absorption of calcium from gut. It increases reabsorption of ca from kidney. .

9. Calcitonin • It is a calcium lowering hormone • Secreted by Thyroid C cells Anti - PTH

10. Target Organs Kidney G.I.Tract Bone

11. Dysfunction of parathyroid Gland 1. Too little parathyroid hormone – hypoparahypothyroidism causes low serum calcium and high phosphate 2. Too much parathyroid hormone– hyperparahyperthyroidism causes high calcium and low phosphate

12. Calcium profile • To diagnose a metabolic bone disease • calcium • Phosphate • Alkaline phosphatase • Parathyroid hormone • Vitamin D • Urinary calcium and phospherus

13. . Causes of hypocalcaemia • Rickets • Hypopararthyroidism • Psuedohypopararthyroidism • Familial hypocalcaemia • Renal failure • Drugs: phenytoin • Maternal diabetes • Premarurity • DiGoerge syndrome

14. Rickets • Reduced mineralization of bone matrix due to calcium deficiency. rickets results when the osteoid does not have mineral. Calcium deficiency/Vit D deficiency

15. Deficiency of Vit. D • Dietary lack of the vitamin • Insufficient ultraviolet skin exposure • Malabsorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins- A, D, E, & K. • Abnormal metabolism of vitamin D chronic renal failure. .

16. Rickets: Non renal causes – • Nutritional • Intestinal – malabsorption • Hepatobiliary • Metabolic – anticonvulsant therapy • Rickets of prematurity

17. Renal causes Renal osteodystrophy:CRFFamilial hypophosphataemic ricketsRenal tubular acidosisFanconi syndrome Primary Secondary - cystinosis, wilsons disease,lowe syndrome,tyrosinemia Vitamin D dependent type 1 ricketsVitamin D dependent type 2 rickets

18. Rickets:Effect at growth end plate • Inadequate growth plate mineralization. • Defective calcification in the interstitial regions • The growth plate increases in thickness. • The columns of cartilage cells are disorganized.

19. Rickets • Cupping of the epiphyses. • Bones incapable of withstanding mechanical stresses and lead to bowing deformities. • Eventual length of the long bones is diminished. ( short stature)

20. Age of presentation • VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY RICKETS – 6 to 18 months. • NON NUTRITIONAL RICKETS Beyond this age group.

21. Skeletal manifestations of Rickets • Craniotaes • Delayed closure of anterior fontanelle • Frontal and parietal bossing • Delayed eruption of primary teeth • Rosary

23. Skeletal manifestations • EXTREMITIES – • Enlargement of long bones around wrists and ankles • Bow legs, knock knees • green stick fractures

26. Extra – skeletal manifestations • SEIZURES AND TETANY – Secondary to hypocalcaemia • HYPOTONIA AND DELAYED MOTOR DEVELOPMENT In rickets developing during infancy.

27. Investigations, • BASIC INVESTIGATIONS TO CONFIRM RICKETS • Low or normal serum Ca • Low phospherus • High alkaline phosphatase • X rays of ends of long bones at knees or wrists • Shows Widening, fraying, cupping of the distal ends of shaft. • Vit D level low • Parathyroid hormone high

28. Newborn Screening Rickets • Radiology changes

30. Genu valgus Tri radiate pelvis Wrist widening Wrist cupping Looser’s zones Wide metaphysis

31. Vitamin D Resistant Rickets • In the renal tubular disorders, rickets develops in the presence of normal intestinal function and are not cured by normal doses of vitamin D. • Resistant or refractory rickets. Defective final conversion of Vit. D in to active form or End organ insensitivity.

32. Vitamin D Resistant Rickets

33. Vitamin D Resistant Rickets

34. Treatment of Rickets • Vitamin D supplement • Type and dose depends on underline cause of Rickets

35. . Causes of hypercalcaemia • Hyperparathyroidism • Vitamin D intoxicity • William syndrome • Familial hypocalcuric hypercalcaemia • malignancy

36. Full term 1 year old boy who presented with afebrile tonic clonic convulsions. He has no chronic illnesses or medication. On examination he has no apparent dysmorphic features and his vital signs were normal. • Describe an abnormality. • List two important investigations to confirm your diagnosis. • What is the most likely diagnosis?

37. Full term 1 year old boy who presented with afebrile tonic clonic convulsions. He has no chronic illnesses or medication. On examination he has no apparent dysmorphic features and his vital signs were normal. • Describe an abnormality. • List two other important investigations to confirm your diagnosis. • Answer: • Bowing of legs • 1. Serum calcium level, serum alkaline phosphatase, 25 Vitamin D level, hand x-ray • 2. Possible diagnosis is nutritional Vitamin D deficiency.

38. Data interpretation . An obese 2 year old girl was found to be hypocalcemic and did not respond to vitamin D.These results were found. Plasma Calcuim 1.2 mmol/L , Plasma phosphate 2.8mmol/L ( N- 0.8-1.4) Alkaline Phosphatase 300 1u/L Urea 4mmol/L Magnesium 0.7 mmol/L Parathyroid hormone 20mg/ml ( n <1) What is the most likely diagnosis? what may radiological exams of hand reveal?

39. An 8 ½ yr old girl followed by the Endocrine Clinic was apparently well until three years ago when she started to have muscle pains and difficulty in getting out of bed in the morning. • Describe two abnormalities. • Give the most likely diagnosis.

40. An 8 ½ yr old girl followed by the Endocrine Clinic was apparently well until three years ago when she started to have muscle pains and difficulty in getting out of bed in the morning. • Describe two abnormalities. • Give the most likely diagnosis. • Answer: • Short stature bony deformity in the form of bowing of legs • X-Linked Hypophosphatemic Rickets

41. Thank you !