Qualitative

1. 1 Case Study: History, Evolution, and Methods Wang, ED 690 Qualitative/Interpretive Research

2. 2 Will Quantitative Approach Work? The dynamics of online and blended learning Balancing two worlds Social network Blog, Wiki writing Investigating children�s emerging digital literacy Internet & American life Uniting or isolating--impact of the Internet on family life Why might you choose a qualitative design over a quantitative one? How does your design choice affect isntrument design, subject selection, and other methodological issues? http://www.bc.edu/research/intasc/jtla/journal/v1n4.shtmlWhy might you choose a qualitative design over a quantitative one? How does your design choice affect isntrument design, subject selection, and other methodological issues? http://www.bc.edu/research/intasc/jtla/journal/v1n4.shtml

3. 3 The Terror Alert System The design of the alert system Signs and symbols Alert level on profiling biases (stereotypes) Public Perceptions of and Reactions to Increases in Threat Level Public Perception and Knowledge of the Terror Alert System Report: See Requirements Page The system is a case; survey different population: students, military, friends and families (regular people). The types of Design from Frankel and Wallen ?The system is a case; survey different population: students, military, friends and families (regular people). The types of Design from Frankel and Wallen ?

4. 4 Types of Case Study Intrinsic Understanding a specific individual or situation Instrumental Understanding more than a particular case Study Mr. Deyo�s classroom to understand how children develop media literacy Multiple or Collective EDTEC students and teamwork Intrinsic: 690 classroom; the dynamics of a small research classroom.Intrinsic: 690 classroom; the dynamics of a small research classroom.

5. 5 Core Characteristics of All To answer how and why Naturalistic inquiry Holistic understanding Inductive analysis Design flexibility Evolving research proposal, initial literature review �Thick description� Of the entity under study Demographic & descriptive data Cultural norms, community values, ingrained attitudes, motives

6. 6 Definition: Case Study Collection, presentation of detailed info. About a particular participant, small group Frequently including the accounts of participants themselves Qualitative Drawing conclusions in that specific context Exploration & description versus truth-seeking A Day in the Life of � SDSU; signonsandiego

7. 7 Historical Origins of Case Study Sociology Clinical methods of doctors Casework technique by social workers Historians & anthropologists Court case

8. 8 Historical Origins (2) Robert Park The variety & value of human experience �Go and sit in the lounges of the luxury hotels and on the doorsteps of the flophouses; sit on the Gold Coast settees and on the slum shakedowns; sit in the Orchestra Hall and in the Star & Garter Burlesk. Go get the seats of your pants dirty in real research.� Chicago immigration waves Go sit on the Internet; in the classroom; in company training; in teachers� lounge to catch their gossiping. Ask students to share: has anyone done anything similar to field research? My field trip to the YangZe River, collecting folklore from local people.Go sit on the Internet; in the classroom; in company training; in teachers� lounge to catch their gossiping. Ask students to share: has anyone done anything similar to field research? My field trip to the YangZe River, collecting folklore from local people.

9. 9 Resemblance to Court Case Attorney�s open statement Evidence Building blocks for the case investigation Good versus evil Roles Prosecutor & defendant Juror & judge Recorder (field notes) Variety of witnesses Start with hypothesis & end with decision Research: start with Qs & end with answers

10. 10 Exemplary Topics Couples watching TV gender, power, & remote control TeenSites.com�teens� digital landscape Identity-forming, authoring, community, online enterprise Online gaming, MTV, Online music, marketing to teens, Teen demographic�explorers, visibles, isolators Always single and single again women A Day in the Life (1949 & 1999) Women�s digital landscape A Case Study on Initial Analysis In TeenSites.com: A field guide to the new digital landscape, Montgomery (2001) stated that �Teens are more than just consumers of media content; they are also active participants and creators of this new media culture, developing content themselves, designing personal Web sites, and launching their own online enterprise� (p. 2). Montgomery (2001) noted that �Teenagers have embraced this new online world with great enthusiasm, responding eagerly to its invitation to share ideas, contribute contents, and otherwise place their stamp on a media system that they themselves create and manage� (Montgomery, 2001, http://www.cme.org/teenstudy/). http://www.centerforsocialmedia.org/htmlresources/teen_sites.htm �The Internet allows teenagers to form communities with their peers, express themselves through writing and art, engage in social and political activism, and even earn money in the new �e-conomy� of cyberspace. Many of the forms and much of the content of the online teen culture are attuned to the social developmental needs of adolescents, tapping into their desires to be independent of parents and family, to communicate with their peers, to try on new identities, and to express their opinions.�In TeenSites.com: A field guide to the new digital landscape, Montgomery (2001) stated that �Teens are more than just consumers of media content; they are also active participants and creators of this new media culture, developing content themselves, designing personal Web sites, and launching their own online enterprise� (p. 2). Montgomery (2001) noted that �Teenagers have embraced this new online world with great enthusiasm, responding eagerly to its invitation to share ideas, contribute contents, and otherwise place their stamp on a media system that they themselves create and manage� (Montgomery, 2001, http://www.cme.org/teenstudy/). http://www.centerforsocialmedia.org/htmlresources/teen_sites.htm �The Internet allows teenagers to form communities with their peers, express themselves through writing and art, engage in social and political activism, and even earn money in the new �e-conomy� of cyberspace. Many of the forms and much of the content of the online teen culture are attuned to the social developmental needs of adolescents, tapping into their desires to be independent of parents and family, to communicate with their peers, to try on new identities, and to express their opinions.�

11. 11 Case Study: Interchangeably with Ethnography But the latter focuses on culture & longitudinal study The human being is an animal suspended in webs of significance she or he has spun. I take culture to be those webs, and the analysis of it to be therefore not an experimental science in search of a law, but an interpretive one in search of meaning" (Geertz, cited in Wlodkowski & Ginsberg, 1995). Cultures of work & family Education, race, and the American dream Pop-culture & school literacy for teens Social network in an online class �Jackie Chan�s Hong Kong� �Julia Roberts in Mongolia� Similar research methods, but different theoretical foci.Similar research methods, but different theoretical foci.

12. 12 What About Grounded Theory? Begins with data and ends with "theory� An overarching model that explains how things work A pattern of knowledge construction Theories of instructional design Adult learning theory Pedagogical theory (active learning) Best practices in online teaching and learning Social interaction->cognitive development

13. 13 Follow your instincts � You already are familiar with foods and drinks that go together � and more importantly those that don�tFollow your instincts � You already are familiar with foods and drinks that go together � and more importantly those that don�t

14. 14 Case Study: Research Methods Single Case Single Case with Embedded Cases 911 and American life Surviving, rescue, loss, healing, helping, memorializing, fear, disbelief, combat, serving, sacrifice, danger, hardships, homeland, coping, prevention, vigilance, remembering, strength, carrying on, recovering Collection of evidence Giuliani to UN: �This is not a time for further study. The evidence of terrorism�s brutality � is lying beneath the rubble of the World Trade Center��

15. 15 Other case study design Intrinsic case study Understanding a specific individual or situation Instrumental More than a case Observing how Mr. B. teaches English to understand ESL-teaching in general Single vs. Multiple case study

16. 16 Data Collection: Common to All Survey Field observation Witness accounts Interviews Protocols (e.g., court) Focus group discussion Empathic neutrality Jurors: emotional human beings; remove emotions & deciding on the hard facts Researchers: avoid �going native�

17. 17 A Major Analysis Method Content Analysis Identifying, Coding, Categorizing the primary patterns in the data Interaction styles in online discussion: analyzing chat transcripts Complexity of response Question type Levels of argumentation & negotiation Socializing Coding Scheme: Sample 1 | Sample 2

18. 18 Activity: Inquiry About Life Has Your Life Been Worth Living? Case Study Sample: EDTEC 690 students Interview: see the interview guide in Gay Content analysis Coding Record answers in a 3-column paper Code the answers: an Example Conclusion Teamwork is used extensively in EDTEC courses? Are they effective? How would you go about studying them? What would you look for? goal, reward, role, and resource interdependence; influence on their performance & career goals (Teamwork analysis) --Ask students to brainstorm: what would you look for in the team work analysis.Teamwork is used extensively in EDTEC courses? Are they effective? How would you go about studying them? What would you look for? goal, reward, role, and resource interdependence; influence on their performance & career goals (Teamwork analysis) --Ask students to brainstorm: what would you look for in the team work analysis.

19. 19 What About Teamwork? Two researchers: interview and took extensive notes Three researchers: independently coded the focus group interview notes Compare codes for themes and patterns what do they expect to find? A coding scheme?

20. 20 Scientific Trustworthiness Credibility (internal validity) prolonged engagement, persistent observation, triangulation of sources, peer debriefing. Transferability (external validity) THICK description of context, process, findings.

21. 21 Scientific Trustworthiness Dependability (reliability) sampling rationale, data collection, analysis. An external auditor to audit methodological decisions. Confirmability (objectivity) consistency between data and interpretation; between investigators' and respondents' views. Observer bias--the ideas we come in with Observer effect--the impact of having someone do a study.

22. 22 A Large Stretch: Quantitative Content Analysis Also Used in Quantitative Research Counting frequencies of word occurrence & run statistical analysis The frequency of occurrence of �people� and �budget� in ???�s campaign speech Computerized Content Analysis Adolescent Writings of Napoleon Bonaparte. [Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease] analysis of verbal behavior scores on scales for on depression, anxiety, & preoccupation with sickness coincide with the availablebiographical evidence regarding Napoleon's childhood