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Time and Change

Time and Change. Chapter 4. Section 1 Earth’s History. Objectives: Describe the origin and early history of the earth Describe the processes of change on the earth’s surface Infer how different sedimentary rock forms Communicate in a diagram how processes of surface change are related.

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Time and Change

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  1. Time and Change Chapter 4

  2. Section 1 Earth’s History • Objectives: • Describe the origin and early history of the earth • Describe the processes of change on the earth’s surface • Infer how different sedimentary rock forms • Communicate in a diagram how processes of surface change are related

  3. Skills Warm-up • Time To Change • Look around the classroom and outside the classroom. • Make a list of 10 objects or conditions that don’t seem to change day to day. • How could they change and how long would it take?

  4. Earth’s History • How will you change over the next few years? Ten years? • How will your family and community change in the next few years? • How will the earth change in the next few years?

  5. Earth’s History • Compared to changes in the ______ _______, changes in the earth are ________ and _____________ • We usually think of the earth and its features as ___________ and ___________ • But they are not…….

  6. Earth’s History • Things that change • ___________ • ___________ • ___________ • ___________ • They only change much more slowly, over enormous periods of time!!

  7. Age of the Earth • Earth is _________________ • If you compare the age of the earth to a 24 hour day, how old would you be? • You would not be hours, minutes or even seconds old! • Even at 100 years old, your life would only be ________ __ ___ ____________

  8. Earth’s history is very long!You have to think about it in geologic time

  9. Origin of the Earth • 1. ~5 byo – cloud of _______ ________ _________. • 2. The matter was drawn to center by _______. The center increased in _________, and grew __________________ • 3. _______ ________– light and heat was released. The sun was born. • 4.Leftover matter began to clump and each clump became a _________.

  10. Earth’s Early History • First billion years, the hot surface ________ __________________ • Volcanoes ________ and gasses formed an ____________ • ________ __________, turned to liquid, and fell to earth as rain • Eventually an ________ covered earth’s surface

  11. Earth’s Early History • 3.8 million years ago, the first small ___________ formed from _________ ___________ • The first _______ _______came into being in the ________ • Some of these beings were able to produce _________ as a part of what process????

  12. Earth’s Early History • 2 million years ago the earth looked like it does today • It had __________ and __________ and ________ • The atmosphere contained ________ and the sun’s energy created ________ ________ • But no ______ __________

  13. Surface Changes • Earth is still continuing to _________ • These changes are _______ and they follow _________ __________ • What are they??

  14. ______________- when rock is broken down into smaller particles • __________ _________ occurs through direct contact with atmospheric conditions, such as _____, ________, _______ and __________. • _________ _________-involves the direct effect of atmospheric or biologically produced ___________

  15. ___________– when small particles are carried away • ______, ______ , _____, flowing ______, and ______ can all erode rock particles • ___________– the particles that are carried away • Weathering/Erosion are _______ processes that cause ________ changes • “______________” processes • __________ can disappear and __________ can form

  16. Surface Changes • ________– the buildup of eroded sediment • Occurs because of _________ • Where are particles deposited? • Bottoms of _______ and _________, and ______ ________ • “___________” process • Occurs _______, all the time

  17. Sedimentary Rock • __________ from years of weathering, erosion and deposition builds up, forming ___________ _________ • ______ layers form on top of ______ layers • __________ of overlying sediment __________ lower layers • __________ cement sediment together • Sediments become ___________ _______ • Lowest layers are the ______

  18. Uplift • What would happen if weathering, erosion, deposition, and the formation of sedimentary rock were the only processes shaping earth??

  19. Uplift • Process by which parts of earth’s crust are ________ above others, forming _________/________ • There are always new, elevated __________ to be ______ ________

  20. Skills Warm-up • On Ice • When sheets of ice expand and advance from the poles, much of earth’s water is frozen in ice. • What do you think might happen to ocean levels? • How might this effect shoreline erosion?

  21. Changes in Life • _____________ are an important part of earth’s history • Living things __________ and ________ along with the earth • _________ – inherited traits of a species change and new species _________ • Organisms that lived in the past left __________ of their _____________ • What are they called???

  22. Changes in Life • _________– ______ or ______ of an organism that lived in the past. • Organism was ________ in _________, became part of a ________ over time. • A fossil is therefore as old as the rock of which it is a part. • What have scientists learned from fossils? • Living things _______ _________ over time (evolution) • Many organisms are now ________

  23. Fossils • Found in the _________ • Preserved ancient ________ of _________ • _________ fossils looked like organisms that were alive – others did ______ • The fossil record shows animals that were preserved by being buried in the _______, _____ ______ or ______ _______ • Sedimentary rock-layers of sediment cover up the animals and _________ the remains

  24. FOSSIL RECORD-INFORMATION OF PAST FORMS OF LIFE • Tells of major changes in the ________ ________ of earth • _____ __________ in Arizona – Coastline changes • ______ __________ in N. America – Warmer climate • What does a ____________ study?

  25. FORMATION OF FOSSILShttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/04/3/l_043_01.html • Most are found in sedimentary rock –sediment forms when sand and silt from water settle to the bottom of a body of water • Animals and plants that die in the water are compressed into rock by pressure from the water

  26. FORMATION OF FOSSILS • Bones and teeth may be preserved on land by shifting sand, mud, or volcanic ash. • Footprints or soft tissue can be preserved if they fill with dust or ash. They are then covered by other materials and harden.

  27. FORMATION OF FOSSILS • Petrification can occur when remains are covered with water • Dissolved minerals from the water replace the decaying tissues and harden

  28. James Hutton • Scottish scientist – 1700’s • He observed that __________ were ____ _____than anyone had thought • He saw that earth’s ________ had changed _________ over a long period of time • _______________________________ – the laws of nature do not change over time • So, the _______ _________ that shaped the earth in the past are still at work today • Gave birth to the modern science of ___________ and changed the human ________ __ ________

  29. Changes in Climate • Throughout earth’s history, the _________ ________ due to ____________ causes • Sometimes the planet was ______ ___ ______ • Other times it was _____ and _____ • During cold times, the polar ice caps __________ ___ ______ • Huge sheets of ice spread from the poles to the ___________ _____________

  30. Are Humans Changing the Climate? • _______ _________– cities cause changes in temperature • City temperatures are slightly _________ than surrounding areas

  31. Are Humans Changing the Climate? • Cutting down large areas of forest in ________ ________ changes ________ __________ • Deforested areas hold less ____________ – more rainwater drains to _________ • Less water ____________ into clouds – leads to _____ ____________

  32. Are Humans Changing the Climate? • Global changes – ________ ________ • Burning of _________ _________for energy increases the amount of _______in the atmosphere • Causes small __________ in the average __________ of the earth

  33. Section 2Geologic Time Scale • Objectives: • Explain how scientists determine the relative age of sedimentary rocks • List the order of events that may result in an unconformity being formed • Describe the major divisions of the geologic time scale • Infer the relationship between the layering of sedimentary rock and the geologic time scale

  34. Skills Warm-up • The Time of Your Life • Make a timeline showing the major events of your life (so far). • Divide the timeline into stages based on these events. • How many stages did you make? How did you decide what was a separate stage?

  35. Time Record • How have scientists learned enough about the earth’s history to divide it into stages? • How do they find out about events that took place millions or billions of years ago?

  36. Time Record in the Rocks • The rocks of the earth’s _________ hold all the __________. • Scientists just had to learn how to “read” the ________ ___ _______ preserved in the rocks.

  37. Rock Layering • _______ _______ ________ provide evidence of past events • Ex) volcanic ash layer • Ex) Layer with marine fossils

  38. Rock layers are stacked according to ______ ________ rocks are under _________ rocks. Therefore, drilling through the layers is like going _______ __ _____(as long as layers weren’t turned upside down by ___________).

  39. RELATIVE AGE To determine the ______ of a layer of sedimentary rock, or a fossil in such a layer, compare its ________ to other rock layers _________ it You’d say, “This layer is younger than this layer” or “This layer is older than this layer” This doesn’t give you an actual age in years, but an age “__________” to the other layers

  40. RELATIVE AGE • Relative positioning – ________ _____ _________ • For example : • Layer of sedimentary rock formed from volcanic ash, beneath a layer of sedimentary rock deposited in a shallow sea. • What can you infer from this evidence? • The sea formed ________ the volcano erupted.

  41. Relative Dating • _________ _________ means identifying which rock units formed first, second, third, and so on • It tells us the _________ in which events occurred, ______ how long ago they occurred.

  42. Nicolaus Steno 1636-1686 • Danish __________ • Credited with describing a set of geologic observations that are the basis of ________ _________

  43. Skills Warm-up • Something Old ……. • Think of something living or non-living that is over 100 years old. • What evidence do you have that the object is old? • How does it differ from a similar object that is much newer?

  44. Key Principles of Relative Dating 1. ____ ______________– states that in an __________ sequence of sedimentary rocks, each bed is ________ than the one above it and ____________ than the one below it.

  45. 2. ________________________________– layers of sediment are generally deposited in a horizontal position.

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