Family

1. Family

2. Family–A social institution found in all societies that unites people into cooperative groups to oversee the bearing and raising of children • Kinship–A social bond based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption • Marriage–A legal relationship, usually involving economic cooperation, sexual activity, and childbearing • Families of affinity–People who think of themselves as a family and wish others to see them that way Basic Concepts

3. Extended family–A family consisting of parents and children as well as other kin • Also called "consanguine families" • Nuclear family–A family composed of one or two parents and their children • Also called "conjugal family" • The predominant family form Families: Global Variations

4. Endogamy–Marriage between people of the same social category • Exogamy–Marriage between people of different social categories • Monogamy–Marriage that unites two partners Marriage Patterns

5. Polygamy–Marriage that unites a person with two or more spouses • Polygyny–Marriage that unites one man and two or more women • Polyandry–Marriage that unites one woman and two or more men Marriage Patterns

6. Patrilocality • With or near the husband’s family • Matrilocality • With or near the wife’s family • Neolocality • Setting up house apart from both families Residential Patterns

7. The family performs many vital tasks • Socialization–Creating well-integrated members of society • Regulation of sexual activity–Maintenance of kinship order and property rights, incest taboos • Social placement–Births to married couples are preferred. • Material and emotional security–Home can be a haven. Structural-Functional Analysis

8. Critical evaluation • Glosses over great diversity of family life, how other institutions are taking over its roles, and negative aspects like patriarchy and family violence Structural-Functional Analysis

9. The family perpetuates social inequality. • Property and inheritance–Concentrates wealth and reproduces class structure • Patriarchy–To know their heirs, men must control women’s sexuality. • Racial and ethnic inequality–Racial and ethnic categories persist over generations because most people marry others like themselves. • Critical evaluation • Ignores that families carry out functions not easily accomplished by other means Social-Conflict &Feminist Analysis

10. Applying Theory Family

11. Symbolic-Interaction • Opportunities for sharing activities helps build emotional bonds. • Social-Exchange • Courtship & marriage as a negotiation to make the “best deal” on a partner. • Critical evaluation • Misses the bigger picture; family life is similar for people in similar social backgrounds and varies in predictable ways Micro-Level Analysis

12. Courtship • Arranged marriages vs. romantic love • Homogamy–Marriage between people with same social characteristics • Settling in • Ideal vs. real marriage • Child rearing • Industrialization transformed children from assets to liabilities. • Later life • Empty nest Stages of Family Life

13. Social class • Social class determines both a family’s financial security and its range of opportunities. • Ethnicity and race • American Indian Families • Latino Families • African American Families • Ethnically and racially mixed marriages • Gender • Bernard: Marriage benefits men more than women. Class, Race, and Gender

14. Figure 18.2 Divorce Rate for the United States, 1890-2005

15. In the US, nine out of 10 people will marry. Four in 10 marriages end in divorce. Why? • Individualism on the rise • Romantic love often subsides. • Women are less dependent upon men. • Many of today’s marriages are stressful. • Divorce is socially acceptable. • Legally, a divorce is easier to get. Divorce

16. Figure 18.3 Payment of Child Support after Divorce.

17. Four out of five people who divorce remarry, most within five years. • Remarriage often creates blended families. • Offer both young and old the chance to relax rigid family roles Remarriage

18. One-parent families • Single parenthood increases a woman’s risk of poverty because it limits work and education. • Poverty raises the odds that a young woman will be a single mother. • Cohabitation–The sharing of a household by an unmarried couple Alternative Family Forms

19. Gay and lesbian couples • The trend in public opinion is toward greater support for homosexual relationships. • Singlehood • Increasing numbers of people are choosing to live alone. Alternative Family Forms

20. Divorce rates remain high. • More equality between sexes • All kinds of units will be called families. • Men will continue to play a limited role in child rearing. • Many will remain absent from household scenes. Looking Ahead

21. Economic changes will affect families and reform marriage. • Less quality time as work demands more from parents • New reproductive technologies • Ethical concerns about what can and what should be done Looking Ahead

22. Religion

23. Emile Durkheim • Religion involves things that surpass the limits of our knowledge. • Profane–Ordinary elements of everyday life • Sacred–Set apart as extraordinary, inspiring awe and reverence • Religion–The social institution involving beliefs and practices based on recognizing the sacred • Ritual–Formal, ceremonial behavior Basic Concepts

24. Faith–Belief based conviction rather than scientific evidence • Sociology asks why religions take a particular form in one society or another. • Asks how religious activity affects society as a whole Religion and Sociology

25. Durkheim: Religion has 3 major functions. • Social cohesion • Totem–An object in the natural world collectively defined as sacred • Social control • Provides meaning and purpose • Critical Evaluation • Downplays religion’s dysfunctions such as generating social conflict and violence Structural-functional Analysis

26. Religion is socially constructed. • Berger: “Cosmic frame of reference” gives us the appearance of “ultimate security and permanence.” • Critical Evaluation • Downplays religion’s link to social inequality Symbolic-interaction Analysis

27. Religion serves the elites by legitimizing the status quo and diverting attention from social inequities. • Disrupts cultures with attempts to “convert heathens” • Marx: “Opium of the people” • Critical Evaluation • Downplays religion’s efforts to promote social equality Social-conflict Analysis

28. Applying Theory Religion

29. Church–A type of religious organization that is well-integrated into the larger society • State church–Church formally allied with the state • Denomination–A church, independent of the state, that recognizes religious pluralism Religious Organizations

30. Sect–A type of religious organization that stands apart from the larger society • Charisma–Extraordinary personal qualities that can turn people into followers • Cult–A religious organization that is largely outside a society’s cultural traditions Religious Organizations

31. In pre-industrial societies • Animism–Elements of the natural world are conscious life forms that affect humanity • Belief in a single divine power responsible for creating the world began with pastoral and horticultural societies. Religion in History

32. In industrial societies • The Industrial Revolution introduced a growing emphasis on science. • Science: How does the world work? • Religion: Why are we here? Religion in History

33. Figure 19.1 Religiosity in Global Perspective

34. Table 19.1 Religious Identification in the United States, 2004

35. Religious affiliation • New England, Southwest: Mostly Catholic • South: Mostly Baptist • Northern plains: Mostly Lutheran • Utah: Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints • Religiosity–The importance of religion in a person’s life • Religious affiliation is related to social class, ethnicity, and race. Religion in the US

36. National Map 19.1 Religious Membership across the United States

37. National Map 19.2 Religious Diversity across the United States

38. Figure 19.2 Religious Nonaffiliation among First-Year College Students, 1970-2006

39. Secularization–Historical decline in the importance of the supernatural and the sacred • Civil religion–A quasi-religious loyalty binding people in a basically secular society Religion in a Changing Society

40. Religious revival • New Age spirituality flourishes • Interests increases in fundamentalism–A conservative religious doctrine that opposes intellectualism and worldly accommodation in favor of restoring traditional, otherworldly religion • The Electronic Church • “Prime-time preachers” on television Religion in a Changing Society

41. Education

42. Education–The social institution through which society provides its members with important knowledge, including basic facts, job skills, and cultural norms and values Schooling–Formal instruction under the direction of specially trained teachers Education vs. Schooling

43. Global Map 20.1 Illiteracy in Global Perspective

44. Socialization • Primary schooling: Basic language and mathematical skills • Secondary schooling: Expansion of basic skills to include cultural values and norms • Cultural innovation • Educational systems create as well as transmit culture • Social integration • Brings a diverse nation together • Social placement • The enhancement of meritocracy Functions of Schooling

45. Table 20.1 Educational Achievement in the United States, 1910-2006

46. Schools as child-care providers • Engages young people at a time in their lives when jobs are not plentiful • Sets the stage for establishing relationships & networks • Link between particular schools and career opportunities Latent Functions of Schooling

47. Functionalist approach overlooks that the quality of schooling is far greater for some than for others. • US educational system reproduces the class structure in each generation • System transforms privilege into personal worthiness and social disadvantage into personal deficiency. Critical Analysis

48. Social control • Schooling reinforces the status quo. • Bowles & Gintis: The 19th-century rise of public education came when factory owners needed obedient, disciplined workers. • Standardized testing • Biased based on race, ethnicity, or class? Schooling and Social Inequality

49. School tracking • Tracking–Assigning students to different types of educational programs • Disadvantaged students typically end up in lower tracks. • School inequality • Public vs. private schools • Even public schools are not all the same. Schooling and Social Inequality

50. Social-conflict approach minimizes the extent to which schooling enhances upward social mobility for talented men and women from all backgrounds. • Today’s college curricula (including sociology courses) challenges social inequity on many fronts. Critical Analysis