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Building Knowledge Bases from Reusable Components

Building Knowledge Bases from Reusable Components. Bruce Porter Computer Science Dept, Univ of Texas at Austin Peter Clark Boeing Applied Research and Technology. The Botany KB Experience. 10 year effort, 20k concepts, 100k facts Supports sophisticated question-answering description

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Building Knowledge Bases from Reusable Components

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  1. Building Knowledge Bases from Reusable Components Bruce Porter Computer Science Dept, Univ of Texas at Austin Peter Clark Boeing Applied Research and Technology

  2. The Botany KB Experience • 10 year effort, 20k concepts, 100k facts • Supports sophisticated question-answering • description • prediction • But: • KB still highly incomplete • laborious to build/maintain • difficult to achieve reuse  want a better approach!

  3. Fundamental Problem • Reliance on specific, comprehensive representations • impractical, unmaintainable • can’t anticipate them all • But: • representations contain repeated abstractions • productionoccurs in photosynthesis, mitosis, growth • germination includes conversion, production, expansion • Goal:Capture abstractions in a recomposable way

  4. Representation of Bioremediation Soil Rate contains I- I- Q+ environment Q- rate agent Bio- technologist Bioremediation Amount Amount amount amount script remediator product pollutant agent Microbes Script Oil Fertilizer patient se se se se patient agent absorbed product Break Down Get Apply Absorb then then then

  5. An underlying abstraction... Soil Rate contains I- I- Q+ environment Q- rate agent Bio- technologist Bioremediation Amount Amount amount amount script remediator product pollutant agent Microbes Script Oil Fertilizer patient se se se se patient agent absorbed product Break Down Get Apply Absorb then then then Rate I- I- Q+ Q- rate Amount Amount Conversion amount raw- materials amount product Substance Substance

  6. Another abstraction... Soil Rate contains I- I- Q+ environment Q- rate agent Bio- technologist Bioremediation Amount Amount amount amount script remediator product pollutant agent Microbes Script Oil Fertilizer se se se patient se patient agent absorbed product Break Down Get Apply Absorb then then then Digest food eater script Agent Script Substance agent se patient se absorbed agent Break Down Absorb then

  7. Another abstraction... Agent Soil Rate contains I- I- Q+ environment Q- rate agent Bio- technologist Bioremediation Amount Amount amount amount script remediator product pollutant agent Microbes Script Oil Fertilizer patient se se se se patient agent absorbed product Break Down Get Apply Absorb then then then Treatment script substance Script substance se patient patient Get Apply then

  8. A Component-Based Approach • Represent component abstractions explicitly • Define concepts as compositions • Construct representations on-demand to answer qns KB Architecture • Component theories = abstract, reusable models • Definitions =specifications of compositions • Inference = construct compositions as needed to answer questions.

  9. 2. Definitions and Composition • Definition = specification of a composition • a Fuel-Cell is a Producer of Electricity • a Bulb is an Electrical Resistor producing Light • a Camera is an Image Recording Device • a Wire is a Conduit of Electricity • Automated composition: • Elaboration: component supplies info to answer query • Classification:recognize concepts in the composition

  10. Device behavior input Recording Image 2. Composition (example) Composition:Camera = an Image Recording Device Query:Failure modes of a camera? (Camera has (superclasses (Device))) (every Camera has (behavior ((a Recording with (input (a Image)))))

  11. failure- mode failure- mode Failure- Mode Failure- Mode Device Device behavior failure- mode failure- mode behavior Activity input Recording Image failure- mode failure- mode Failure- Mode participants Failure- Mode Physobj Physobj failure- mode failure- mode part. part. Physobj Physobj Component Theory: Devices (Device has (superclasses (Physobj))) ;;; the failure modes of a device are the ;;; failure modes of its functional parts (every Device has (behavior ((a Activity))) (failure-modes ( (the failure-modes of (the participants of (the behavior of Self)))))))

  12. Device behavior input Recording Image failure- mode failure- mode Failure- Mode Failure- Mode failure- mode failure- mode part. part. Physobj Physobj Query:Failure modes of a camera? Sub-query:Participants in its behavior?

  13. Device input Recording Signal Signal behavior output participant input input input participant Recording Image failure- mode failure- mode Failure- Mode Receptor Failure- Mode Memory-Unit agent patient failure- mode failure- mode Receiving Writing Signal part. part. output input part. part. input Physobj Receptor subevents subevents Physobj Memory-Unit agent patient Receiving Writing Component Theory: Recording (Recording has (superclasses (Activity))) (every Recording has (input ((a Signal))) (participants ( (a Receptor with (input ((the input of Self))) ...

  14. failure- mode failure- mode Failure- Mode Failure- Mode Device Run-Time Classification: Aperture = an Image Receptor behavior failure- mode failure- mode input Recording Image Signal part. output input part. input Receptor Memory-Unit subevents agent patient Receiving Writing

  15. Blockage Blockage failure- mode failure- mode Image Image Image Image output output input input Aperture Aperture Aperture - inputs an image - outputs an image - might be blocked - ... failure- mode failure- mode Failure- Mode Failure- Mode Device Run-Time Classification: Aperture = an Image Receptor behavior failure- mode failure- mode input Recording Image Signal part. output input part. input Receptor Memory-Unit subevents agent patient Receiving Writing

  16. failure- mode failure- mode Failure- Mode Blockage Device Run-Time Classification: Aperture = an Image Receptor Film= an Image Memory-Unit behavior failure- mode failure- mode input Recording Image Image part. output input part. input Aperture Memory-Unit subevents agent patient Receiving Writing

  17. Aging Aging failure- mode failure- mode Image Image sensitive-to sensitive-to input input Chemical Chemical Film Film parts parts covering covering Sheet Sheet Film - includes a sheet coated with image-sensitive chemical - might age - ... failure- mode failure- mode Failure- Mode Blockage Device Run-Time Classification: Aperture = an Image Receptor Film= an Image Memory-Unit behavior failure- mode failure- mode input Recording Image Image part. output input part. input Aperture Memory-Unit subevents agent patient Receiving Writing

  18. failure- mode failure- mode Blockage Device Aging behavior failure- mode failure- mode failure- mode input Recording Image Image part. output sensitive-to input part. input input Chemical Aperture Film subevents covering agent patient Sheet Receiving Writing Query:Failure modes of a camera? Blockage, Aging Sub-query:Participants in its behavior? Aperture, Film

  19. Other Compositions... Activity Signal Producing Recording Camera Projector Image Stereo Tape Recorder Sound Seismograph Vibrator Vibration

  20. Definitions ;;; "A CAMERA is an IMAGE RECORDING DEVICE." (Camera has (superclasses (Device))) (every Camera has-definition (instance-of (Device)) (behavior ((a Recording with (input ((a Image))))))) ;;; "A SEISMOGRAPH is a VIBRATION RECORDING DEVICE." (Seismograph has (superclasses (Device))) (every Seismograph has-definition (instance-of (Device)) (behavior ((a Recording with (input ((a Vibration))))))) ;;; "A STEREO is a SOUND PRODUCING DEVICE." (Stereo has (superclasses (Device))) (every Stereo has-definition (instance-of (Device)) (behavior ((a Producing with (output ((a Sound))))))) ;;; "A TAPE-RECORDERis a SOUND RECORDING DEVICE." ;;; "AProjectoris an IMAGE PRODUCING DEVICE." ;;; "A Vibratoris a VIBRATION PRODUCING DEVICE."

  21. Generic Devices (Device has (superclasses (Physobj))) ;;; "The failure-modes of a device are the failure-modes of its ;;; (functional) parts." (every Device has (behavior ((a Activity))) (parts ((the participants of (the behavior of Self)))) (failure-modes ( (the failure-modes of (the parts of Self)))))

  22. Generic Activity: Recording a Signal (Recording has (superclasses (Activity))) ;;; "Recording involves receiving a signal, then writing it to a memory." (every Recording has (input ((a Signal))) (subevents ( (a Receiving with (object ((the input of Self))) (agent ((the Receptor participants of Self)))) (a Writing with (object ((the output of (the Receptor participants of Self)))) (patient ((the Memory-Unit participants of Self)))))) (participants ( (a Receptor with (input ((the input of Self)))) (a Memory-Unit with (input ((the output of (the Receptor participants of Self))))))))

  23. Generic Activity: Producing a Signal (Producing has (superclasses (Activity))) ;;; "Producing a signal involves converting power ;;; (provided by a Power-Supply) into a target signal." (every Producing has (output ((a Signal))) (subevents ( (a Supplying with (agent ((the Power-Supply participants of Self)))) (a Converting with (agent ((the Converter participants of Self))) (object ((the output of Self))) (after ((the Supplying subevents of Self)))))) (participants ( (a Power-Supply with (output ((the input of (the Converter participants of Self))))) (a Converter with (input ((the output of (the Power-Supply participants of Self)))) (output ((the output of Self)))))))

  24. Particular Devices ;;; "An APERTURE is an IMAGE DETECTOR..." (every Aperture has-definition (instance-of (Receptor)) (input ((a Image)))) ;;; "...which outputs an image, and might get blocked." (every Aperture has (output ((a Image))) (failure-modes ((a Blockage with (object (Self)))))) ;;; "a FILM is an IMAGE MEMORY-UNIT..." (every Film has-definition (instance-of (Memory-Unit)) (input ((a Image)))) ;;; "...which might age, and includes a chemical-covered sheet." (every Film has (failure-modes ((a Aging with (object (Self))))) (parts ((a Sheet with (covering ((a Chemical with (sensitive-to ((Self input)))))))))) ;;; and other descriptions for:microphone, loud-speaker, tape, movement-sensor, light, motor

  25. Particular Activities ;;; "EXPOSING is WRITING on FILM." (every Exposing has-definition (instance-of (Writing)) (patient ((a Film)))) ;;; "TAPING is WRITING to TAPE." (every Taping has-definition (instance-of (Writing)) (patient ((a Tape)))) ;;; "SHINING is GENERATING an IMAGE." (every Shining has-definition (instance-of (Generating)) (object ((a Image))))

  26. Natural Language Generation (every Blockage has (text ((Self object) "is blocked, preventing" (the input of (the object of Self)) "from reaching" (the parts-of of (the object of Self))))) (every Discharged has (text ((Self object) "that powers" (the Converter parts of ;the converter part of ... (the parts-of of ; the system containing ... (the object of Self))) ; the battery "is discharged"))) (every Recording has (text ("First," (the Receptor participants of Self) "captures" (the input of Self) ", then" (the Memory-Unit participants of Self) "records" (the input of Self)))) ;;; and so on for the other activities, devices, and failure-modes

  27. Composing Representations:What are the building blocks? • Events:Levin (1993) classifies about 3000 events into about 25 categories sharing common components. • Objects: Ogden (1934) identifies about 800 basic objects. • Shapes and Places:Landau and Jackendoff (1993) systematize descriptions of objects' shapes and locations. • Compound Objects:Barker (1998) identified 20 ways that noun phrases are built from components; similar studies underway for verb phrases. • Core Theories:Forbus, Kuipers, Allen, et.al. contribute representations of time, space, quantities, and causation.

  28. put remove send and carry push and pull give and take hold and keep conceal touch and contact combine and attach separate and disassemble create and transform search communicate ingest emit destroy appear, disappear, and occur about 10 more Levin's Verb Classes(B. Levin, English Verb Classes and Alternations, University of Chicago Press, 1993)

  29. Building a Component Library examples from the move cluster ;;; Movement is an event that changes location (Move has (superclasses (Event))) (every Move has (patient ((a Physical-thing))) (changes ((a Change with (property ((the location of (the patient of Self)))) (from ((the source of Self))) (to ((the destination of Self)))))) (source ((a Place))) (destination ((a Place))))

  30. Adding constraints to define new members of the cluster ;;; Locomotion is self movement (Locomotion has (superclasses (Move))) (every Locomotion has (agent ((the patient of Self))))

  31. Adding constraints to define Flow ;;; Flow is movement of a liquid or gas through a channel or across a surface (Flow has (superclasses (Move))) (every Flow has (patient ((a Liquid) or (a Gas))) (direction ((a Direction with (path-relation (through)) (reference-object ((a Channel)))) or (a Direction with (path-relation (across)) (reference-object ((a Surface)))))))

  32. Combining Components:Role Filling ;;; an Enter is a Move from outside a container to inside that container, ;;; through the container's portal (Enter has (superclasses (Move))) (every Enter has (source ((a Place with (place-relation (outside)) (reference-object ((a Container)))))) (destination ((a Place with (place-relation (in)) (reference-object ((Self source Place reference-object Container)))))) (direction ((a Direction with (path-relation (through)) (reference-object ((the portal of (Self destination Place reference-object Container))))))))

  33. Combining Components: multiple inheritance Inflow is a movement {from flow} of a liquid or gas through a channel or across a surface {from enter} from outside a container to inside that container, through the container's portal (Inflow has (superclasses (Flow Enter)))

  34. Combining Components:Sequencing events ;;; A carry is locomotion while supporting something (Carry has (superclasses (Move))) (every Carry has (subevent ((a Support with (agent ((the agent of Self))) (patient ((the patient of Self))) (concurrent-with ((the Locomotion subevent of Self)))) (a Locomotion with (agent ((the agent of Self))) (concurrent-with ((the Support subevent of Self)))))))

  35. Combining Components:Causal Connection ;;; a push is the application of a force causing a movement (Push has (superclasses (ApplyForce))) (every Push has (direction ((a Direction with (path-relation (away)) (reference-object ((the agent of Self)))))) (causes ((a Move with (patient ((the patient of Self))) (direction ((the direction of Self)))))))

  36. Combining Components:Iteration over a Set ;;; Convey is the movement of a container and all its contents (Convey has (superclasses (Move))) (every Convey has (patient ((a Container))) (causes ((forall ((the contents of (the patient of Self))) ((a Move with (patient (It)) (source ((the source of Self))) (destination ((the destination of Self))) (concurrent-with ((Self)))))))))

  37. Experimental Design Measuring Successful Reuse • Small scale reuse: build component library for a subset of the "Pumps Dictionary". Measure successful reuse of components for representing the remainder. Examples: Air Driven Pump, Water Circulating Pump • Medium scale reuse: do the same for abstracts of the "Flight Incident Database". Example: "Lost hydraulic controls; deployed air driven pump; returned to airport." • Large scale reuse: do the same for the full accounts in the Database.

  38. Measuring Successful Reuse • The success of a reuse effort is measured by the role of the components in answering questions in novel domains. • Measured in three ways: • recall: the fraction of the KB-structure (that's built to answer each question) that's contributed by components • accuracy: the correctness of the knowledge contributed by the components • completeness: the comprehensiveness of the knowledge contributed by the components

  39. Discussion • A knowledge base contains: • explicit representations of "building block" concepts • specifications for building representations of other concepts using these building blocks • methods for composing concepts on-demand and (possibly) caching the results • This approach improves reuse and reduces representational drift

  40. Discussion • How broad should each component be? three versions of drop: • downward movement • a release followed by downward movement • … until something breaks the fall • Will idiosyncratic variations within real domains overwhelm the regularities in a library of components?

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