The Duel for North America

1. The Duel for North America APUSH - Chapter 6 Mr. Walters

2. New France • Founded by Samuel de Champlain • 1608 – Quebec was first French settlement • Located around St. Lawrence River • Expanded along Great Lakes and Mississippi River • Made money trapping furs, especially beaver • Trappers called coureurs de bois • Interaction with French led to disease, alcohol and challenges to Indian beliefs • Led to exploration of North America Quebec Montreal • Champlain made allies with Huron • Was drawn into battle against Iroquois • Iroquois then resisted French attempts at settlement in Ohio Valley and allied with British • France paid more attention to Caribbean colonies than American • Caribbean colonies provided sugar and rum

3. Estimated Population in British North America and New France circa 1740 New France • Small population • Only Catholics allowed to settle, Huguenot were not allowed to immigrate • Farming difficult • Resistance from Iroquois • By 1700 – 18,000 French, 250,000 English • French peasants owned land, so were not motivated to come to America • Jesuits • Catholic missionaries tried to convert Indians and separate them from fur traders

4. Tensions between England and France • France built forts from Quebec to New Orleans • Detroit founded by Antoine Cadillac to slow British expansion to Ohio Valley • Robert de la Salle sailed Mississippi River and claimed it for France to slow Spanish expansion • New Orleans created in 1718 • English settlers pushed further west closer to French claims

5. Battle of Boyne King William’s War (1689-1697)War of the League of Augsburg Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713)War of Spanish Succession Clash of Empires • Imperial Wars between France and England mostly involved coureurs de bois and colonists, not regular military troops • Both sides turned to Indians for allies. French mostly with Algonquin, English with Iroquois • Guerrilla warfare was common • Deerfield Massacre (1707) • French and Indians attack Deerfield MA • 50 people killed, 111 taken prisoner out of 300 inhabitants • Prisoners marched to Canada • Stragglers were killed • English colonists respond by attacking French strongholds

6. Clash of Empires • Treaty of Utrecht (1713) • Ends Queen Anne’s War • Britain gets Acadia (Nova Scotia), Hudson Bay and Newfoundland • Pinches French holdings • Britain also gets trading rights in Spanish America • King George’s War (1744-1748) • Began as War of Jenkins’s Ear (1739) • Fought against Spain in Caribbean and Georgia • France allied with Spain • 1745 New Englanders capture French Fort Louisburg • 1748 Peace treaty • England exchange Louisburg for Madras in India • Americans were angry because they needed Louisburg for safety

7. Into Ohio Valley • France needed Ohio Valley to keep Mississippi Valley connected to Canada • France began building forts to protect its claims, including Fort Duquesne (modern day Pittsburg) • 1750 Americans begin settling Ohio River Valley • Angered Iroquois, who were trying to prevent further European settlements • Americans ask Britain for forts to protect claims • 1754 - Washington was sent by Governor Dinwiddie of Virginia to tell French to leave territory • French refuse and defeat Washington at Fort Necessity Fort Duquesne Ohio Valley Fort Necessity

8. French and Indian War (Seven Years War) (1754-1763) • Was global war between France and England for control of the world • Fought in America, Europe, West Indies, Philippines, Africa • European war was Britain and Prussia against France, Spain, Austria and Russia • French army was focused in Europe, allowed British victory in North America • Defending America was difficult because colonies were not united

9. Albany Congress (June 1754) • Americans went to Albany to meet with Iroquois and keep them allies • Only 7 of the 13 colonies attended • Wanted to unite colonies to defend against French • Iroquois were allies with Britain • Huron were allies with French • Benjamin Franklin develops Albany Plan for Union • Union would have: • Grand Council chosen by colonial legislators • meet once a year • given powers to raise army, levy taxes, manage public lands, make laws for general good, protect relations with Indians • Rejected by colonial legislatures and King • legislatures did not want to lose power and wanted more independence • King feared it might make colonies too strong and demand independence

10. French and Indian War (Seven Years War) (1754-1763) • Fort Duquesne (1755) • British General Braddock sent 1,850 soldiers to attack fort • Indians attacked using guerilla warfare tactics • British not prepared for this style fighting • 976 British killed or wounded including Braddock • Native Americans raid frontier from Pennsylvania to North Carolina • Britain attacked several wilderness forts, but French won repeatedly through 1756 Wounding of General Braddock

11. French and Indian War (Seven Years War) (1754-1763) • William Pitt • Became Prime Minister and increased commitment to win war in America • Shifted focus from West Indies to Canada • Put new generals in charge • Pitt fought in America to create global British empire • promised Britain would pay for war • He did this to get American support for war • £1 million and 30,000 soldiers sent to America • Wanted to eliminate France as a rival • 1758 British take Louisburg, Fort Frontenac, Fort Duquesne William Pitt

12. French and Indian War (Seven Years War) (1754-1763) • Invasion of Canada • Quebec (1759) • Attacked via St. Lawrence river • General Wolfe able to maneuver troops behind Quebec on Plains of Abraham • British defeat Marquis de Montcalm of the French • Both Montcalm and Wolfe died • British Navy stopped French reinforcements from arriving in Canada • Montreal (1760) • attacked via Hudson River and Lake Champlain • Fall of Montreal signaled end of French presence in North America Wolfe’s attack on Quebec

13. Treaty of Paris (1763) • Ended the French and Indian War • France gave England all of Canada and lands east of Mississippi to Appalachian Mountains • French lost trading posts in India and Senegal • France gave Spain New Orleans and all land west of Mississippi • France kept sugar islands (Martinique and Guadeloupe) in West Indies in exchange for Canada • Spain gave Florida to Britain in exchange for Cuba • Pitt wanted Canada to help build its empire

14. Effects of French and Indian War (Seven Years War) (1754-1763) • Britain won and established itself as world’s supreme naval power • Empire from India to Mississippi River • American frustration with Britain • American officers and soldiers were insulted and treated them with condescension • Americans were not given credit for helping in the fight • British frustrations with America • Americans continued to trade with France and Spain • Americans also were reluctant to provide soldiers • Geography and demographic rivalries inhibited inter-colonial cooperation

15. Effects of French and Indian War (Seven Years War) (1754-1763) • Benefits for America: • gained combat experience and confidence • Shattered myth of British soldier invincibility • discovered commonalities between colonies • France was eliminated as a threat to America, Spain and Indian threats were reduced significantly • Indians lost significant European ally to limit British power and American expansionism • Benjamin Franklin argued new land would make Americans more loyal to England • Offer plenty of land and opportunity for America to expand into

16. British North America 1763 • Canada, American Colonies, Ohio and Mississippi River Valleys and Florida • 200,000 Indians lived in territory west of Appalachian Mountains • Feared British control over North America, preferred France • Neolin – Delaware prophet encouraged Indians to resist English encroachment on Indian land

17. Pontiac’s Rebellion (June 1763) • Alliance of Indians led by Ottawa Chief Pontiac attacked and beat British • Only Fort Pitt, Niagara and Detroit remained under British control • Gradually Indian alliance weakens with defeats • Britain regains control of Ohio Valley in 1764 • by sending blankets with smallpox to Indians • By sending 10,000 troops to protect colonists • British wanted Americans to help pay for army

18. Proclamation of 1763 • To keep peace with Indians Britain orders no settlement in new territory • Wanted land between Appalachian and Mississippi as a barrier between Indians and English colonies • Colonists needed land for wealth • Most were farmers • Political rights were tied to land ownership • Americans angered by restrictions on settlement • Many ignored Proclamation and went west anyway