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The Urban World, 9 th Ed.

The Urban World, 9 th Ed. J. John Palen. Chapter 2: The Emergence of Cities. Outline: Introduction The Ecological Complex Political Economy Models First Settlements Interactions of Population, Organization, Environment, and Technology City Populations Evolution in Social Organization

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The Urban World, 9 th Ed.

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  1. The Urban World, 9th Ed. J. John Palen

  2. Chapter 2: The Emergence of Cities • Outline: • Introduction • The Ecological Complex • Political Economy Models • First Settlements • Interactions of Population, Organization, Environment, and Technology • City Populations • Evolution in Social Organization • Technological and Social Evolution • Urban Revolution • Survival of the City • The Hellenic City • Rome • European Urbanization until the Industrial City • Industrial Cities • Summary

  3. Introduction • The need to develop some understanding of the process of urban development—that is, how and why cities developed

  4. The Ecological Complex • use of an ecosystem framework to explain broad urban change. A model, not a theory. • Ecosystem: a natural unit in which there is an interaction of an environment and a biotic system—that is, a community together with its habitat • The ecological complex identifies the relationship between four causally interdependent concepts or classes of variables: population, organization, environment, and technology

  5. Population: refers not only to the number of people but also to growth or contraction through either migration or natural increase • Organization (social structure): the way urban populations are organized according to social stratification, the political system, and the economic system • Environment: the natural environment and the built environment of streets, parks, and buildings • Technology: tools, inventions, ideas, and techniques that directly impact urban growth and form

  6. Political Economy Models • Conflict-based paradigms or models • Many models, but all stress that urban growth is largely a consequence of capitalist economic systems of capital accumulation, conflict between classes, and economic exploitation of the powerless by the rich and powerful.

  7. First Settlements • Agricultural Revolution • Hunting-and-Gathering Societies: ranging from 25 to 50 persons • Settled Agriculture: shift from a specialized food-collecting culture to a culture where grains were cultivated occurred in the Middle East around 8000 B.C.E. • First true cities are generally thought to have begun in the “Fertile Crescent” of Mesopotamia around 4000 B.C.E.

  8. Population Expansion • Initially supported by slash-and-burn agriculture • Mesoamerica • Physically isolated from the Middle East and Asia • The Mayans has a major civilization and large cities dating from roughly 500 B.C.E. • Between 800 and 900, most of the great cities of Central America were abandoned, for reasons that are still debated and unclear • By the time the Spanish invaders arrived in 1521, both Mayan society and its cities had collapsed

  9. Interactions of Population, Organization, Environment, and Technology • Clearer in their consequences than in their timing • Increased population = increased pressure for developments • Permanent settlements changed the structure of the family • Location defined the technology needed

  10. City Populations • Little more than small towns at the beginning • Probably represented no more than 3 or 4 percent of all the people within the various localities • The size of the cities was limited by how much surplus could be produced and what technology was available to transport it

  11. Evolution in Social Organization • Early cities encouraged innovations in social organization • Division of Labor • Hierarchy and stratification • Specialized priests probably the first to be released from direct subsistence functions • Kingship and Social Class • Warrior-leaders, primarily used for external threat, began to stay in power during times of peace • Shift of central focus from temple to palace

  12. Figure 2.1 Location of Early Urban Settlements

  13. Technological and Social Evolution • Technology spurred by necessity • i.e. water collection and distribution, weapons, chariots, and other luxuries • The first city was a clear break form the past, a whole new social system.

  14. Urban Revolution • V. Gordon Childe’s list of 10 features that define the “urban revolution” • Permanent settlement in dense aggregations • Non-agriculturalists engaging in specialized functions • Taxation and capital accumulation • Monumental public buildings • A ruling class

  15. The technique of writing • The acquisition of predictive sciences—arithmetic, geometry, and astronomy • Artistic expression • Trade for vital materials • The replacement of kinship by residence as the basis for membership in the community • Most useful in indicating what we have come to accept as the general characteristics of cities

  16. Survival of the City • Stable location must be able to resist siege • Also threat of fire and disease

  17. The Hellenic City • Social Invention • The Greek development of social organization • Polis: city-state • Phratries: groups of clans • Physical Design and Planning • Greek cities all had a similar design • Acropolis: a fortified hill • Agora: an open space • Population • Athens had 250,000 people at its peak • Ancient Greeks preferred smaller cities because of the correlating smaller government • Diffusion of People and Ideas • Creation of colonies kept population under control

  18. Rome • Size and Number of Cities • The Romans had several cities of more than 200,000 inhabitants • Rome controlled over a third of the world’s population • Housing and Planning • Municipal planning was limited in scope • Extensive system of aqueducts • Transportation • Road and sea trade for import and export • Life and Leisure • Those who did work rarely worked over 6 hours • The ratio of workdays to holidays was one to one • Creation of entertainment to deter uprisings

  19. European Urbanization until the Industrial City • The Medieval Feudal System • Serfdom: the virtual slavery of the peasants • A rural economic system • The few cities that survived were ruled by Catholic bishops • Town Revival • Cities began to revive in the 11th century • Trade repopulated cities • Two external factors contributed to the growth of towns in Europe • The Crusaders • The overall population growth

  20. Characteristics of Towns • Typically had small populations of 10,000-30,000 • Bourgeoisie: a new social class of artisans, weavers, innkeepers, money changers, and metal smiths. In many ways the antithesis of feudal nobility. • Plague • From 1348-1350, the plague wiped out at least one-fourth of the population of Europe • Overall, 35 million Europeans died • The feudal social structure never really recovered

  21. Renaissance Cities • Influences of Technology • Gunpowder and cannons changed the nature of the walled city • Cities began to expand vertically • Demographic Transition • Demographic Transition (demographic revolution): refers to the transition from a time of high birthrates matched by almost equally high death rates, through a period of declining death rates, to a period where birthrates also begin to decline, and eventually to a period where population stability is reestablished—this time through low birthrates matched by equally low death rates • Changes in Agriculture • JethroTull’s published research on agriculture increased usability of acreage • Selective breeding became popular

  22. Industrial Cities • Technological Improvements and the Industrial Revolution • The First Urban Revolution • The emergence of cities • The Second Urban Revolution • The 18th-century changes that for the first time made it possible for more than 10 percent of the population to live in urban spaces

  23. Figure 2.2 World Population Growth

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