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12/28 生物抗紫外線機制、防曬指數、生物污染、外來種、引入途徑、案例、入侵成功條件 輔助教材影片:外來種該死?

12/28 生物抗紫外線機制、防曬指數、生物污染、外來種、引入途徑、案例、入侵成功條件 輔助教材影片:外來種該死?. Organisms with other protection methods - With exo-protection materials ex. exoskeleton scales skins furs etc. Damage to us ? Is “sun exposure” necessary ?

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12/28 生物抗紫外線機制、防曬指數、生物污染、外來種、引入途徑、案例、入侵成功條件 輔助教材影片:外來種該死?

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  1. 12/28 生物抗紫外線機制、防曬指數、生物污染、外來種、引入途徑、案例、入侵成功條件 輔助教材影片:外來種該死?

  2. Organisms with other protection methods - With exo-protection materials ex. exoskeleton scales skins furs etc.

  3. Damage to us ? Is “sun exposure” necessary ? Is “Sun blocker or Sun screen” necessary ?

  4. 曬多少太陽才夠? 製造維生素D需陽光催化,維生素D可以幫助鈣吸收,強化骨骼. 一星期只要3次,每次只需10-15分鐘,就已經足夠.

  5. 7-dehydrocholesterol ↓ sunlight previtamin D3 ↓ vitamin D3 ↓ other metabolites In Skin in Liver

  6. Tyrosin ↓tyrosinase Dihydroxyphenyalanine (DOPA) ↓tyrosinase Dopaquinone ↓ ↓ melanin

  7. 一. UVA:光源較長,會直接透入真皮 層,產生自由基破壞膠原蛋白和彈性 纖維,損害彈性纖維,可讓皮膚變 黑,長時間曝曬後還會造成皮膚老 化,甚至引發皮膚癌。 (PA+ index) 二. UVB:只能到達皮膚的表皮,但是 就足以讓我們曬傷, 紅腫、脫皮了。 (SPF index) 三. UVC:在通過臭氧層時已經被收。 (臭氧層破洞使易造成DNA變性的UVC也 進入大氣層)

  8. SPF (Sun Protection factor) 一. SPF系數 for UV-B:抗曬的時間是以持續曝曬時肌膚變紅、灼傷的時間乘上 SPF的指數,得出的結果即是。如肌膚暴露在陽光下15分鐘內會被曬紅,使用SPF20的防曬隔離乳能延長20倍的時間,即為300分鐘。 二. PA+指數 for UV-A:PA+表示可以延緩皮膚曬黑的時間倍數為2-4倍;PA++指的是4-8倍;PA+++表示8倍以上。

  9. 防曬:「物理性防曬」,「化學性防曬」 「物理性防曬」 原理:在皮膚表面形成一層薄膜,利用折射原 理阻擋紫外線對皮膚的傷害。 優缺點:無須透過皮膚吸收,不會引起皮膚刺 激反應,適合敏弱膚質,缺點是擦起來膚 色會偏白,較難推抹。

  10. 物理性防曬成分 化學成份 濾隔 Titanium Dioxide (二氧化鈦, TiO2) UVA & UVB Zinc Oxide (氧化鋅, ZnO) “ Red petrolatum “ 硫酸鋇(BaSO4) “ 滑石(Talc) “

  11. 化學性防曬 原理:利用化學物質吸收紫外線並加以中 和的方式來達到防曬的效果. 優缺點:必須透過皮膚吸收,所以在曝曬 前三十分鐘就要擦上,反之物理性防 曬只需擦上即可出門,較不適合敏弱 性膚質.

  12. 化學性防曬成分 濾隔 Butyl Methoxy Dibenzoyl Methane (甲烷) UVA Benzophenones (苯甲酮類) “ Anthranilate Dibenzoylmethanes “ Camphor “ P-Amino Benzoic Acid (PABA) (對氨基苯甲酸) “ Octocrylene UVB Octyl Dimethyl PABA (辛雙甲基對氨基苯甲酸) “ Octyl Salicylate (水楊酸鹽) “ Homomethyl Salicylate (水楊酸鹽) “ Cinnamate (肉桂酸鹽類) “ Methyl Benzylidene Camphor (樟腦) “ Phenyl Benzimidazole Sulfonic Acid (磺酸) “ Oxybenzone UVA, B Ocytl Methoxy Cinnamate (辛甲氧基桂酸鹽) UVB, A

  13. ‧目前防曬產品常同時添加物理性及化學性成分,甚至加入維他命C及E來增加防曬功效,應選擇標有“UVA and UVB Protection” 或 “Broad Spectrum” 的產品。 ‧紫外線指數:美國環保署與國家氣象局,從1994年開始發布,預測次日中午陽光最強的一小時,紫外線到達地面的輻射量,指數從0-15,輻射量100J/m2,指數為1。指數0-2微量級, 3-4低量級,5-6中量級,7-9過量級,10-15危險級。

  14. 仿曬產品(Sun-tanning products) 利用 “化學性防曬” 成份可吸收UVB,而讓UVA穿透,可使皮膚曬黑而不會紅腫、曬傷、脫皮,而達到曬成均勻又發亮的古銅色肌膚. 缺點:此類產品SPF 介於6-8,而UVA是 造成肌膚老化的元兇.

  15. 美白: • 阻止使黑色素細胞(Melanocyte)合成黑色素 • (reduced melanin ). • b. 使已生成的黑色素淡化 (reduce oxidized melanin). • c. 使已生成的黑色素加速分解剝離. • 美白成份作用: • 1.抑制酪胺酸脢(Tyrosinase)活性:如 Arbutin 熊果素、Hydroquinone、維生素C衍生物。 • 2.阻止tyrosinase生成:如Kojic acid 麴酸。 • 3.還原氧化型melanin:維他命C衍生物。 • 4.阻斷melanin合成之intermediates : Kolic acid。 • 5.刺激melanin由角質層剝落: Salicylic acid、Azelaic • acid 、Placental protein、 Dichloroacetic acid等。

  16. Linear trends of ice freeze and breakup dates from lakes and streams around the Northern Hemisphere. The long-term linear slopes from 1853 to 2000 are for later freeze (7 days later/century) and earlier breakup (9days earlier/century) (Greenland et al., 2003).

  17. Global warming gases (IPCC, 1990) 1990 changing 2100 %/yr CO2 353ppm 0.5 840ppm Methane 1.7ppm 0.9 4ppm CFC-11 280ppt 4 630ppt CFC-12 480ppt 4 1400ppt NOx 310ppb 0.25 420ppb

  18. 生物污染 海月水母 櫛水母 Exotic jellyfish Annual changes (2) exotic Mnemiopsis leidyi biomass and (1) zooplankton (Shiganova et al., 2001) Seasonal changes of (a) exotic Mnemiopsis leidyi biomass and (b) zooplankton (Shiganova et al., 2001). Catches of zooplanktivorous fishes in the Black and Azov Seas (Shiganova et al., 2001).

  19. Nonindigenous species of invertebrates and algae in marine waters of North American shown by date of first record (Ruiz et al., 2000). Nonindigenous species of invertebrates and algae in marine waters of North American shown by vector (Ruiz et al., 2000). Nonindigenous species of invertebrates and algae in marine waters of North American shown by native region (Ruiz et al., 2000). Nonindigenous species of invertebrates and algae in marine waters of North American shown by taxonomic group (Ruiz et al., 2000).

  20. 1/11 before 17:00 繳交期末心得報告 (每人一份,800字以上; 齊立文譯 2001 生態經濟大 未來.經濟新潮社,249pp.)

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