The Law of Contract

1. The Law of Contract Offer & Acceptance

2. Formation of Contract • The process of a lawful offer by one party and the lawful acceptance of the offer by the other party make all contracts. Example….. X says to Y, “ Will you buy my house for Tk. 50,000,000” This is an offer. If Y says, “Yes”, the offer is accepted and a contract is formed.

3. Formation of Contract • Proposal • Offer • Promise and Acceptance

4. Proposal Offer Promise and Acceptance An “offer” involves the making of a “proposal”. When one person signifies to another his willingness to do or to abstain from doing anything, with a view to obtaining the assent of that other to such act or abstinence, he is said to make a proposal- Law of Contract Formation of Contract

5. Proposal Offer Promise and Acceptance A proposal is also called an offer. The promisor or the person making the offer is called the Offeror and The person to whom the offer is made is called the Offeree. Formation of Contract

6. Proposal Offer Promise and Acceptance When the person to whom the offer is given, gives his assent to accept the offer is called Acceptance. When the person to whom the proposal is made signifies his assent thereto, the proposal is said to be accepted. A proposal when accepted becomes a Promise- Sec 2(b) Formation of Contract

7. Proposal Offer Promise and Acceptance The person making the proposal is called the Promisor and the person accepting the proposal is called the Promisee- Sec 2(c) Example….. X offers to sell his motorcar to Y at the price of Tk. 250000. This is a proposal. X is the promisor or the offeror. If Y agrees to buy the car at the price stated;Y becomes the promisee or the acceptor. Result: There is a Contract Formation of Contract

8. Rules regarding Offer • The Contract Act contains various rules regarding offer and proposal. They are – • An offer may be express or implied from the circumstances. An offer may be made in two ways – • By words, spoken and written and • By conduct

9. Express Offer Implied Offer Specific Offer General Offer When an offer is made by stating so in words or in writing, it is called an Express Offer. Example….. X offers to sell a horse to Y at the price of Tk. 10000. It is expressed in words, so it is express offer. Different forms of Offer

10. Express Offer Implied Offer Specific Offer General Offer When an offer is implied from the conduct of a person, it is called an Implied Offer. Example….. A transport company started bus service for passenger. It is not expressed by written, oral or by words. It started it’s service implies that it is an offer for passenger and it is called implied offer. Different forms of Offer

11. Express Offer Implied Offer Specific Offer General Offer An offer may be made to a definite person or a definite class of persons or a definite party. An offer made to a definite person or a definite class of person is called a Specific Offer Example….. X offers something to Y. Different forms of Offer

12. Express Offer Implied Offer Specific Offer General Offer An offer sent to all persons (on the world at large) is called a General Offer. Example….. Internet Service offers service for all. Different forms of Offer

13. Rules regarding Offer • Legal relationship is required for an offer. The offer must be one that is capable of creating a legal relationship. A social party or an invitation to play cards is not a legal relationship. • The terms of the offer must be certain and definite.The terms and conditions of the offer must be certain, fixed and definite. Example….. X will deliver the product by 30 days by cash and if 30 days expires the contract will be void.

14. Rules regarding Offer • An offer must be communicated to the Offeree. A person cannot accept an offer unless he knows of the existence of the offer. Example….. P offers a reward to anyone who returns his lost dog. Q, finding the dog brings it to P without having heard of the offer. Result: He was not entitled to the reward. • In this case, it was argued that a man cannot accept an offer without intending to do so, and he cannot intend to accept an offer of which he was ignorant.

15. Rules regarding Offer • Offer may be conditional but conditions must be clear communicating to the Offeree. An offer may be made subject to conditions. In such cases, conditions must be clearly communicated to the Offeree. If a person accepts an offer without knowledge of the conditions, the offeror cannot claim fulfillment of the conditions. But if the conditions are clearly written or expressed and should have been known to the Offeree, he cannot show ignorance of the conditions. Example….. X agreed to buy goods from Y and signed an order from given by Y containing a number of clauses in small print, without reading them. Result: clauses are binding on X.

16. Rules regarding Offer • An offer must be written or printed. An offer must be exist in written or printed form so that every one could aware the rules and regulations of the Contract.

17. Acceptance • Only the person or persons for whom the offer is intended can accept an offer. An offer made to a particular person can only be accepted by him because he is the only person intended to accept. • An offer made to a class of persons can be accepted by any member of that class. An offer made to the world at large can be accepted by any person whatsoever.

18. Acceptance Example….. X sold his business to Y without disclosing the facts to his customer. Z (customer of X) gives an order for goods to X by name. Y received it and sent a letter of acceptance. Result: There is no contract between Y and Z because Z never made any offer to Y.

19. Rules regarding Acceptance • Acceptance must be absolute • Conditional Acceptance • Clarification • Acceptance must be expressed in a reasonable manner • Mental Acceptance

20. Acceptance must be absolute Conditional Acceptance Clarification Acceptance must be expressed in a reasonable manner Mental Acceptance If there is any variation, even on an unimportant point, between the terms of the offer and the terms of the acceptance, there is not contract- Sec 7 (1), Example….. M offered land to N at Tk. 280,000. N replied accepting and enclosing Tk. 80,000 and promising to pay the balance by monthly installments of Tk. 50,000. Result: There was no contract, as there was no qualified acceptance. Rules regarding Acceptance

21. Acceptance must be absolute Conditional Acceptance Clarification Acceptance must be expressed in a reasonable manner Mental Acceptance An acceptance with a variation is no acceptance; it is simply a counter proposal, which must be accepted by the original promisor before a contract is made. It is also called counter offer/proposal. Example….. X offered to sell his house for Tk. 120,000. Y said, “Accepted for Tk. 100,000”. This is not an acceptance but a counter offer or counter proposal. Rules regarding Acceptance

22. Acceptance must be absolute Conditional Acceptance Clarification Acceptance must be expressed in a reasonable manner Mental Acceptance The seeking clarification of offer neither amounts to the acceptance of the offer or to the making of a counter offer. It is also called Counter Clarification. Rules regarding Acceptance

23. Acceptance must be absolute Conditional Acceptance Clarification Acceptance must be expressed in a reasonable manner Mental Acceptance The Offeree may express his acceptance by word of mouth, telephone, telegram or by post. These are the usual method of communicating acceptance to the offer. An offer may also be accepted by conduct. If the Offeree does what the offeror wants him to do, there is acceptance of the offer by conduct. Rules regarding Acceptance

24. Acceptance must be absolute Conditional Acceptance Clarification Acceptance must be expressed in a reasonable manner Mental Acceptance Performance of the conditions of a proposal or the acceptance of any consideration for reciprocal promise which may be offered with a proposal, is an acceptance of the proposal- Sec: 8 Rules regarding Acceptance

25. Acceptance must be absolute Conditional Acceptance Clarification Acceptance must be expressed in a reasonable manner Mental Acceptance Example….. P offers Q to buy a cycle for Tk. 5,000. Q agreed it through telephone, so it is Acceptance. P offers Q if he stays his house for a week he will give him Tk. 70,000. Q stays P’s house for a week, it implies that Q accepted P’s offer and it expressed by conduct. Rules regarding Acceptance

26. Acceptance must be absolute Conditional Acceptance Clarification Acceptance must be expressed in a reasonable manner Mental Acceptance No contract is formed if the Offeree remains silent and does nothing to show that he has accepted the offer. Acceptance must be communicated to the offeror or shown by conduct. Example….. F offers G his computer at Tk. 10,000 but G remains silent, so there is no contract because no communication had held. Rules regarding Acceptance

27. Lapsing of Offer • An offer comes to an end and is no longer open to acceptance under the following circumstances– Sec 6 • By Notice • By lapse of time • After expiry of reasonable time • Failure of a condition precedent • By death or insanity • By refusal • Counter Offer

28. By Notice By lapse of time After expiry of reasonable time Failure of a condition precedent By death or insanity By refusal Counter Offer If the Offeror gives notice of revocation to Offeree party, i.e. expressly withdraws the offer and the offer comes to an end. An offer may be revoked any time before acceptance but not afterwards. Example….. X gives an offer to Y and Y received it. The letter of revocation of X should be reached before Y posted the letter of acceptance. Lapsing of Offer

29. By Notice By lapse of time After expiry of reasonable time Failure of a condition precedent By death or insanity By refusal Counter Offer The notice of revocation does not take effect until it comes within the knowledge of the Offeree. When the proposer prescribes a time within which the proposal must be accepted, the proposal lapses as soon as the time expires. Lapsing of Offer

30. By Notice By lapse of time After expiry of reasonable time Failure of a condition precedent By death or insanity By refusal Counter Offer If no time has been prescribed, the proposal lapses after the expiry of a reasonable time. What is reasonable time depends on the circumstances of the case. Example….. On 8th June, P offered Q to buy 1000 shares. On 29th December, Q accepted it, but P refused to give shares as the offer had lapsed by the delay in acceptance. Lapsing of Offer

31. By Notice By lapse of time After expiry of reasonable time Failure of a condition precedent By death or insanity By refusal Counter Offer An offer lapses by the failure of the acceptor to fulfill a condition precedent to acceptance, where such a condition has been prescribed. Example….. P says to Q, “ I will sell my house for Tk. 50000 if you are married.” The offer cannot be accepted until and unless Q is married. Lapsing of Offer

32. By Notice By lapse of time After expiry of reasonable time Failure of a condition precedent By death or insanity By refusal Counter Offer An offer lapses by the death or insanity of the proposer, if the fact of his death or insanity comes to the knowledge of the acceptor before acceptance. When a counter offer given, the original offer lapse. Lapsing of Offer

33. By Notice By lapse of time After expiry of reasonable time Failure of a condition precedent By death or insanity By refusal Counter Offer A proposal once refused is dead and cannot be revived by it’s subsequent acceptance. Example….. P offers to sell his house for Tk. 100,000; Q replies his acceptance for Tk. 95,000. P refused it. Subsequently Q accepts the original offer. There is no contract because the original offer has lapsed. Lapsing of Offer

34. Communication of Offer • An offer may be communicated to the Offeree or Offerees by word of mouth, by writing or by conduct. • A written offer may be contained in a letter or a telegram. A circular or a advertisement or a notice may be written in such a language that it amounts to an offer.

35. Communication of Offer Example….. A bus going along street and picking up passenger is an example of offer by conduct. • The communication of a proposal is complete when it comes to the knowledge of the person to whom it is made- Sec- 4

36. Communication of Acceptance • Offer and acceptance by post • Offer and acceptance through Microphone or Internet • Offer and acceptance through telephone

37. Offer and acceptance by post Offer and acceptance through Microphone or Internet Offer and acceptance through telephone An offer may be made by post. An offer may be also accepted by post. When a proposal made through the post, the post office by implication is the agent of the proposer. The letter must, however, be correctly addressed and the letter must be actually posted. Communication of Acceptance

38. Offer and acceptance by post Offer and acceptance through Microphone or Internet Offer and acceptance through telephone Example….. G applied for shares in a company. A letter of allotment was posted but the letter did not reach G. Result: There was a binding contract and G was a shareholder of the company. Communication of Acceptance

39. Offer and acceptance by post Offer and acceptance through Microphone or Internet Offer and acceptance through telephone Offer and acceptance can be communicated through the telephone. But there are certain rules regarding oral communication. It has been held that the offer and acceptance must be audible, heard and understand. Communication of Acceptance

40. Offer and acceptance by post Offer and acceptance through Microphone or Internet Offer and acceptance through telephone If these conditions are satisfied and other essential elements of contract exist, the parties are bound through a telephone conversation. Communication of Acceptance

41. Offer and acceptance by post Offer and acceptance through Microphone or Internet Offer and acceptance through telephone In auction the terms and certain restrictive conditions can be announced with microphone but it should be clear and understandable. A contract made by Internet is no exception to the general rule that the acceptance is not complete until communicated. Communication of Acceptance

42. The Law of Contract Consideration

43. Definition of Consideration • Subject to certain exceptions, an agreement is not enforceable unless each party to the agreement gets something. This ‘something’ is called consideration. • Consideration means ‘exchange value’. It is an essential element in a contract. • Some right, interest, profit or benefit accruing to one party, or some forbearance, detriment, loss or responsibility given, suffered or undertaken by the other.~ Currie v. Misa (English case)

44. Definition of Consideration • When, at the desire of the promisor, the promisee or any other person has done or abstained from doing or does or abstains from doing, or promises to do or to abstain from, doing, something, such act or abstinence or promise is called a consideration for the promise.~ Section 2(d) Example….. X agrees to sell a horse to Y for Tk. 10,000. For X’s promise, the consideration is the horse. For Y’s promise, the consideration is the horse.

45. Types of Consideration • Past Consideration • Future Consideration • Present Consideration

46. Past Consideration Future Consideration Present Consideration When the consideration of one party was given before the date of the promise, it is said to be Past Consideration. Example….. P does some work for Q in the month of March (without expecting any payment). In April, Q promises to pay P some money. The consideration of P’s past consideration. Types of Consideration

47. Past Consideration Future Consideration Present Consideration When the consideration is to move at a future date, it is called Future Consideration or Executory Consideration. Example….. Forward contract, insurance etc. Types of Consideration

48. Past Consideration Future Consideration Present Consideration Consideration, which moves simultaneously with the promise, is called Present Consideration or Executed Consideration. Example….. B buys some equipment from a shop and pays the price immediately. The consideration moving from B is present consideration. Types of Consideration

49. Rules Regarding Consideration • Desire (or request) of the promise is essential • The consideration must be real • Consideration need not be adequate • The consideration must not be illegal, immoral, or opposed to public policy • The consideration may be past, present or future

50. Desire Real Adequate Legal, moral, or public policy Past, present or future The act done or loss suffered by the promisee must have been done or suffered at the desire of the promisor. An act done without any request is a voluntary act and does not come within the definition of consideration. Rules Regarding Consideration