Advisor: R. C. T. Lee Speaker: F. L. Lin National Chi Nan University

1. Primal-dual Approximation Algorithms for Integral Flow and Multicut in TreesGarg, N., Vazirani, V. V. and Yannakakis, M., Algorithmica, Vol. 18, 1997, pp. 3-20. Advisor: R. C. T. Lee Speaker: F. L. Lin National Chi Nan University

2. b a d f a h g b e d e c g h f c 3 3 5 5 1 1 1 1 7 7 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 Minimum Multicut Problem Given a graph G=(V, E) with a positive capacity ce on every edge , and a list of vertex pairs, {(s1, t1), …, (sk, tk)}, find a minimum weight set of edges separating each pair of vertices in the list. • est denotes the edge st. Vertex pairs ={(a, f), (c, f), (h, d)} Multicut = {eah, ebf, eef}

3. r 4 4 j f 3 3 i h 2 1 4 1 a g d e 1 1 b c • The minimum multicut problem is NP-hard even if it is restricted to trees of height 1 and unit capacity edges. • This paper deals with undirected trees. • denotes the unique path between si and tiin the tree. vertex pairs ={(b, e), (c, d), (a, f)} pbe= b→g→h→j →i →e pcd= c→g→h→j →i →d paf= a→h→j→r →f

4. Since the minimum multicut problem is NP-hard, we have to find an approximation algorithm for it. • This paper used the primal-dual approach. But we found that we could give the algorithm without mentioning the primal-dual approach which is quite hard to understand and confusing.

5. h 2 4 a g 1 1 b c • For this problem, we can compute a lower bound of our solutions immediately. • This lower bound is obtained by reducing the cost of each edge in the path and there will be at least one zero cost in every path. • Let . We observe that is a lower bound of cutting the path . • For example, fac = min{4, 2, 1} =1 which is a lower bound of cutting pac. • ce = ce- , . • Let Q be the set of edges whose cost, ce, becomes zero in this step.

6. h h h h h h 1-1 1 1 2 0 2-1 3-1 3 3 4 2 4-1 a a a a a a g g g g g g 1 1 1-1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1-1 b b b b b b c c c c c c vertex pairs ={(a, c), (a, b)} pac= a→h→g→c pab= a→h→g→b • For example • fac=min{4, 2, 1}=1, the lower bound for cutting the path pac is 1. • Q={egc} • fab=min{3,1,1}=1, the lower bound for cutting the path pab is 1. • fac+fab=2, the lower bound for cutting the path pac and pab is 2. • Q={egc, ehg, egb}

7. Because the graph is a tree, we may omit redundant edges from the multicut. • When some pairs have the same least common ancestor, v, and the edges are the ancestor and the child in Q, the path passes through the child and the path must pass through the ancestor. We only retain the ancestor. • Let frontier (v) = Q – the edge that is the descendant of other edges in Q. Claim The union of all frontiers is a multicut.

8. h 0 2 a g 0 0 b c • For example, pairs (a, c) and (a, b) have the same least common ancestor, h, and ehg is the ancestor of egb and egc. The edge egb and egc are omitted. frontier(h)={ehg}. vertex pairs = {(a, c), (a, b)} pac= a→h→g→c pab= a→h→g→b Q={egc, ehg, egb} frontier(h)={ehg}

9. e 2 2 a f 0 1 b g 0 2 c d • We move down the tree one level at a time and join frontiers to build the multicut. • Considering vertex v, we include an edge only if no edge along the path from e to v is already included in the multicut. • Let M be the set of edges picked. • For example, suppose that M={efg} and consider frontier(f), efg is in the path from egd to f, egd is not picked to M. Lemma M is a multicut. vertex pairs = {(b, d),(a, c)} pbd= b→f→g→d pac= a→e→f→g→c frontier(e) = {efg} M = {efg} frontier(f) = {egd}

10. Algorithm multicut_integral-flow(r) Input : a tree T = (V, E) with a positive capacity ce on every edge , and a list of vertex pairs, {(s1, t1), …, (sk, tk)}. • for current_level = max_level downto 0 do for all current_level do 1.1 for each pair (si, ti) such that its least common ancestor is at v do denotes the unique path between si and ti in the tree. = min{ ce}, . ce= ce- , . 1.2 Let Q be the set of edges such that ci=0 in this step. frontier (v) = Q – the edge that is the descendant of other edges in Q. 2. 2.1 2.2 for current_level = 0 to max_level do for all current_level do for all do If no edge is on the path from e to v then 3. return (Multicut, F)

11. Pass 1.1 The first node which is a least common ancestor of some vertex pair is j. j = lca(b, e) fbe = min{1, 2, 3, 3, 1}=1 Subtract 1 from all edges in pbe. r 4 4 • Example j f 3 3 i h 2 1 4 1 a g d e 1 1 b c vertex pairs ={(b, e), (c, d), (a, f)} pbe= b→g→h→j →i →e pcd= c→g→h→j →i →d paf= a→h→j→r →f

12. Pass 1.1 Consider the pair (c, d) whose lca is j. j = lca(c, d) fcd = min{1, 1, 2, 2, 1}=1 Subtract 1 from all edges in pcd. The lower bound of cutting the paths pbe and pcd is fbe+ fcd=2. r 4 4 • Example j f 2 2 i h 1 0 4 1 a g d e 0 1 b c fbe = 1 fcd = 1 vertex pairs ={(b, e), (c, d), (a, f)} pbe= b→g→h→j →i →e pcd= c→g→h→j →i →d paf= a→h→j→r →f

13. Pass 1.2 Let Q be the set of edges such that ci=0. Q = {egb, eie, ehg, egc, eid}. Pairs (b,e) and (c,d) have the same least common ancestor, j, and ehg is the ancestor of egb and egc in Q. egb and egc are not added to frontier(j). frontier(j) = Q - {egb, egc} = {eie, ehg, eid}. r 4 4 • Example j f 1 1 i h 0 0 4 0 a g d e 0 0 b c vertex pairs ={(b, e), (c, d), (a, f)} pbe= b→g→h→j →i →e pcd= c→g→h→j →i →d paf= a→h→j→r →f fbe = 1 fcd = 1

14. Pass 1.1 Consider the pair (a, f) whose lca is r. r = lca(a, f) faf = min {4, 1, 4, 4}=1 Minus 1 from all edges in paf. The lower bound of cutting the path pbe, pcd and paf is fbe+ fcd + faf=3. r 4 4 • Example j f 1 1 i h 0 0 4 0 a g d e 0 0 b c fbe = 1 fcd = 1 faf = 1 frontier(j)={eie, ehg, eid} vertex pairs ={(b, e), (c, d), (a, f)} pbe= b→g→h→j →i →e pcd= c→g→h→j →i →d paf= a→h→j→r →f

15. Pass 1.2 In this step, Q = {ejh} and frontier(j) = Q - { } = {ejh}. r 3 3 • Example j f 0 1 i h 0 0 3 0 a g d e 0 0 b c frontier(j)={eie, ehg, eid} frontier(r)={ejh}. vertex pairs ={(b, e), (c, d), (a, f)} pbe= b→g→h→j →i →e pcd= c→g→h→j →i →d paf= a→h→j→r →f

16. Pass 2. Consider the vertex up to down to build the multicut. Multicut = {}. The first node of least common ancestor is r. frontier(r) = {ejh}. We check ejh. No edge in Multicut is on the path from ejh to r, ejh is included in Multicut. Multicut = {ejh}. r 3 3 • Example j f 0 1 i h 0 0 3 0 a g d e 0 0 b c vertex pairs ={(b, e), (c, d), (a, f)} pbe= b→g→h→j →i →e pcd= c→g→h→j →i →d paf= a→h→j→r →f frontier(j)={eie, ehg, eid} frontier(r)={ejh}

17. Pass 2. Consider the node j. frontier(j) = {eie, ehg, eid}. Check eie. No edge in Multicut is on the path from eie to j, eie is included in Multicut. Multicut = {ejh, eie}. Check ehg. ejh along the path from ehg to j is already included in Multicut, ehg is not selected. Multicut = {ejh, eie}. r 3 3 • Example j f 0 1 i h 0 0 3 0 x a g d e 0 0 b c vertex pairs ={(b, e), (c, d), (a, f)} pbe= b→g→h→j →i →e pcd= c→g→h→j →i →d paf= a→h→j→r →f

18. Pass 2. Continue to consider the node j. frontier(j) = {eie, ehg, eid}. Check eid. No edge in Multicut is on the path from eid to j, eid is included in Multicut. Multicut = {ejh, eie, eid}. Cost of Multicut = 3+1+1 = 5. The optimal solution is actually ejh where cost is 3. r 3 3 • Example j f 0 1 i h 0 0 3 0 a g d e 0 0 b c vertex pairs ={(b, e), (c, d), (a, f)} pbe= b→g→h→j →i →e pcd= c→g→h→j →i →d paf= a→h→j→r →f

19. Lemma Let si-ti be a path and let v be the least common ancestor of si, ti. Then Multucut contains at most one edge from the path si-v and one edge from the path ti-v. • Whenever an edge e is chosen, its cost must be a summation of ’s. That is, for every ce in Multicut. v si ti

20. The cost of Multicut is , then , where l=|Multicut|. • Thus, . • From the algorithm, every corresponds to a path . • From Lemma 1, we know that for every path , only two edges of this path can be chosen.

21. Thus, the cost of every edge of path which is chosen contains only one . • Finally, only two ‘s appear in . • Thus, • . • Therefore the cost of Multicut is at most .

22. The algorithm achieves approximation guarantees of factor 2 for the minimum multicut problem on tree.

23. r 4 4 j f 3 3 i h 2 1 4 1 a g d e 1 1 b c • This paper interpreted the dual program as specifying a multicommodity flow in T, with a separate commodity corresponding to each vertex pair (si, ti). • will denote the amount of this commodity routed along the unique path from si to ti. • For example: vertex pairs ={(b, e), (c, d), (a, f)} pbe= b→g→h→j →i →e pcd= c→g→h→j →i →d paf= a→h→j→r →f

24. Let the value of which gets from the algorithm be the solution of the maximum integer multicommodity flow problem. • The algorithm achieves approximation guarantees of factor 1/2 for the maximum integer multicommodity flow problem on trees.

25. Theorem The algorithm achieves approximation guarantees of factor 2 for the minimum multicut problem and factor 1/2 for the maximum integer multicommodity flow problem on trees.

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28. Thank you.