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Essentials of Fire Fighting and Fire Department Operations , 5 th Edition

Essentials of Fire Fighting and Fire Department Operations , 5 th Edition. Chapter 22 — Introduction to Hazardous Materials Firefighter I. Chapter 22 Lesson Goal.

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Essentials of Fire Fighting and Fire Department Operations , 5 th Edition

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  1. Essentials of Fire Fighting and Fire Department Operations, 5th Edition Chapter 22 — Introduction to Hazardous Materials Firefighter I

  2. Chapter 22 Lesson Goal • After completing this lesson, the student shall be able to identify the responsibilities of both Awareness-Level and Operations-Level personnel at hazardous materials incidents, summarize types of clothing and protection necessary at hazardous materials incidents, and discuss various clues for detecting the presence of and identifying hazardous materials. Firefighter I

  3. Specific Objectives 1. Summarize Awareness-Level and Operations-Level responsibilities at hazardous materials incidents. 2. Describe types of respiratory protection. 3. Summarize respiratory equipment limitations. (Continued) Firefighter I

  4. Specific Objectives 4. Describe types of protective clothing. 5. Discuss U.S. EPA levels of protective equipment. 6. Describe NFPA®1994 PPE ensemble classifications. 7. Describe the U.S. military mission-oriented protective posture (MOPP) ensembles. (Continued) Firefighter I

  5. Specific Objectives 8. Discuss PPE selection factors. 9. Discuss health and safety issues when wearing PPE. 10. Explain proper procedures for inspection, testing, and maintenance of protective clothing and equipment. (Continued) Firefighter I

  6. Specific Objectives 11. Describe health and physical hazards that may be present at haz mat incidents. 12. Describe physical properties of hazardous materials. (Continued) Firefighter I

  7. Specific Objectives 13. Explain how the General Hazardous Materials Behavior Model (GEBMO) can help firefighters understand the likely course of an incident. (Continued) Firefighter I

  8. Specific Objectives 14. Explain locations or occupancies clues to the presence of hazardous materials. 15. Explain container shapes clues to the presence of hazardous materials. (Continued) Firefighter I

  9. Specific Objectives 16. Explain transportation placards, labels, and markings clues to the presence of hazardous materials. 17. Explain other markings and colors (non-transportation) clues to the presence of hazardous materials. 18. Explain how written resources can be used to assist firefighters in identifying hazardous materials. (Continued) Firefighter I

  10. Specific Objectives 19. Explain how the senses can provide clues to the presence of hazardous materials. 20. Explain how monitoring and detection devices can provide clues to the presence of hazardous materials. 21. Summarize indicators of terrorist attacks. (Continued) Firefighter I

  11. Specific Objectives 22. Discuss identifying illicit laboratories. 23. Discuss secondary attacks. 24. Obtain information about a hazardous material using the Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG). (Skill Sheet 22-I-1) Firefighter I

  12. Awareness-Level Responsibilities • Recognize a hazardous materials incident or terrorist attack • Protect themselves from the hazards at the incident • Call for additional help • Secure the incident scene Firefighter I

  13. Operations-Level Responsibilities • All of the requirements for Awareness Level, plus initiate defensive actions to protect • The public • The environment • Property Courtesy of Rich Mahaney. (Continued) Firefighter I

  14. Operations Level Responsibilities • Some may be trained to perform additional functions at a haz mat incident depending on their assigned missions or functions Firefighter I

  15. Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) • Must be National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) certified to be used at haz mat incidents • Must meet design and testing criteria of NFPA® 1981 (Continued) Firefighter I

  16. Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) • Only positive-pressure open-circuit or closed-circuit SCBA is allowed in incidents where personnel are exposed to hazardous materials Firefighter I

  17. Advantages of Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) • Independence • Maneuverability Firefighter I

  18. Disadvantages of Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) • Weight • Limited air-supply duration • Change in profile • Limited vision • Limited communications Firefighter I

  19. SCBA Used in Emergency Response to Terrorist Attacks • Certification program for SCBA used in emergency response to terrorist acts is being worked on by NIOSH, NIST, OSHA, and NFPA® Firefighter I

  20. Supplied-Air Respirators (SARs) • An atmosphere-supplying respirator; user does not carry the breathing air source (Continued) Firefighter I

  21. Supplied-Air Respirators (SARs) • Components • Facepiece • Belt-or facepiece-mounted regulator • Voice communications system • Up to 300 feet (100 m) of air supply hose • Emergency escape pack or emergency breathing support system (EBSS) • Breathing air source (Continued) Firefighter I

  22. Supplied-Air Respirators (SARs) • Type C respirators • SARs used at haz mat incidents or terrorist events must provide positive pressure to the facepiece Firefighter I

  23. Supplied-Air Respirators (SARs): Advantage • Reduce physical stress to the wearer by removing the weight of the SBCA Firefighter I

  24. Supplied-Air Respirators (SARs): Disadvantages • Air supply line has potential for mechanical or heat damage • Length of airline restricts mobility • Restricted vision • Restricted communications Firefighter I

  25. Air-Purifying Respirators (APRs) • Contain an air-purifying filter, canister, or cartridge that removes specific contaminants found in ambient air (Continued) Firefighter I

  26. Air-Purifying Respirators (APRs) • Types • Particulate-removing APRs • Vapor- and gas-removing APRs • Combination particulate-removing and vapor- and gas-removing APRs (Continued) Firefighter I

  27. Air-Purifying Respirators (APRs) • May be powered (PAPRs) or non-powered • Do not supply oxygen or air from a separate source; protect only against specific contaminants at or below certain concentration (Continued) Firefighter I

  28. Air-Purifying Respirators (APRs) • May have either • Full facepieces • Half-facepieces (Continued) Firefighter I

  29. Air-Purifying Respirators (APRs) • Do not protect against oxygen deficient or oxygen-enriched atmospheres • Must not be used in IDLH situations Firefighter I

  30. Air-Purifying Respirators (APRs): Limitations • Limited life of filters and canisters • Require constant monitoring of the contaminated atmosphere • Require a normal oxygen content of the atmospheres before use Firefighter I

  31. Air-Purifying Respirators (APRs): Precautions • Know what chemicals/air contaminants are in the air • Know how much of the chemicals/air contaminants are in the air (Continued) Firefighter I

  32. Air-Purifying Respirators (APRs): Precautions • Ensure that the oxygen level is between 19.5 and 23.5 percent • Ensure that atmospheric hazards are below IDLH conditions Firefighter I

  33. Air-Purifying Respirators (APRs): Use at Haz Mat • APRs may be used after emergency operations are over and the hazards at the scene have been properly identified Firefighter I

  34. Particulate-Removing Filters • Protect from particulates in the air • May be used with half or full facepiece masks • Eye protection must be provided when full facepiece mask is not worn • Divided into nine classes (Continued) Firefighter I

  35. Particulate-Removing Filters • Used to protect against toxic dusts, mists, metal fumes, asbestos, and some biological hazards • If used for medical emergences, must be 99.97 percent efficient (Continued) Firefighter I

  36. Particulate-Removing Filters • Include particle masks (dust masks) Firefighter I

  37. Vapor- and Gas-Removing Filters • Protect against specific vapors and gases • Use some kind of sorbent material • Designed to protect against related groups of chemicals such as organic vapors or acid gases (Continued) Firefighter I

  38. Vapor- and Gas-Removing Filters • May be color-coded to identify what contaminant(s) the canister or cartridge is designed to protect against Firefighter I

  39. Powered Air-Purifying Respirators (PAPRs) • Use a blower to pass contaminated air through a canister or filter • Offer a greater degree of safety than standard APRs (Continued) Firefighter I

  40. Powered Air-Purifying Respirators (PAPRs) • May be of use at CBR incidents for personnel conducting decontamination operations and long-term operations • More comfortable to wear • Several types are available (Continued) Firefighter I

  41. Powered Air-Purifying Respirators (PAPRs) • Only used where the atmospheric hazards are understood and at least 19.5 percent oxygen is present • Not safe to wear in atmospheres where potential respiratory hazards are unidentified • Should not be used during initial emergency operations (Continued) Firefighter I

  42. Powered Air-Purifying Respirators (PAPRs) • Require continuous atmospheric monitoring to ensure the safety of the responder Firefighter I

  43. Supplied-Air Hoods • Provide loose fitting, lightweight respiratory protection that can be worn with • Glasses • Facial hair • Beards (Continued) Firefighter I

  44. Supplied-Air Hoods • Used as an alternative to other respirators because they require no fit testing and are ready to use Firefighter I

  45. Escape Respirators • Designed for escaping the hot zone • Can be self-contained or air-purifying • Generally designed for a short duration of protection and are commonly designed in a hood style (Continued) Firefighter I

  46. Escape Respirators • Have filter canisters that are usually not designed to be replaced • Some include cases that can be strapped onto the body and worn as part of an emergency PPE ensemble Firefighter I

  47. Limitations of Equipment and Air Supply • Limited visibility • Decreased ability to communicate • Increased weight • Decreased mobility • Inadequate oxygen levels (Continued) Firefighter I

  48. Limitations of Equipment and Air Supply • Chemical specific • Open- and closed-circuit SBCA have maximum air-supply durations • Non-NIOSH certified SCBAs may offer only limited protection in environments containing chemical warfare agents (Continued) Firefighter I

  49. Physical, Medical, and Mental Limitations • Physical condition • Agility • Facial features • Neurological functioning (Continued) Firefighter I

  50. Physical, Medical, and Mental Limitations • Mental soundness • Muscular/skeletal condition • Cardiovascular conditioning • Respiratory functioning Firefighter I

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