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PREPARED BY Cemile Mukadder Özkılınç

PASSIVE VOICE & CAUSATIVE. PREPARED BY Cemile Mukadder Özkılınç. ACTIVE AND PASSIVE. Active and passive sentences often have similar meanings but different focuses . Active: Millions of people read the magazine. (The focus is on the people. ) Passive:

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PREPARED BY Cemile Mukadder Özkılınç

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  1. PASSIVE VOICE & CAUSATIVE • PREPARED BY • Cemile Mukadder Özkılınç

  2. ACTIVE AND PASSIVE Active and passivesentences often have similar meanings but different focuses. Active: Millions of people read the magazine. (The focus is on the people.) Passive: The magazine is read by millions of people. (The focus is on the magazine.)

  3. USAGE OF PASSIVE VOICE We use the passive voicewhen we want to showthat the action of the verb is more important than the person who carries out the action. e.g. The missing climber was found yesterday. (The action (was found) is more important than the person whofound the climber.)

  4. THE AGENT ♦ The agent (the person who carries out the action) is introduced with the preposition by and is mentioned only when the identity of the agent is important or needs to be stated. e.g. Australia was discovered by Captain Cook. (by Captain Cook - The identity of the agentis important.)

  5. THE AGENT IS NOT MENTIONED a)When it is unknown. e.g. Jim's car was stolen last night. (We don't know who stole Jim's car.)

  6. THE AGENT IS NOT MENTIONED b)When it is unimportant. e.g. Olive oil is made in Aydın, Turkey. (The agent is unimportant.)

  7. THE AGENT IS NOT MENTIONED c)When it is obvious from the context. e.g. The bank robbers are being chased. (It is obvious that the police are chasing them.)

  8. THE AGENT IS NOT MENTIONED Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows: eg. A mistake was made. In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone. (e.g. You have made a mistake.).

  9. OTHER CONSTRUCTIONS • The Turkish Republic was founded by M.K.Atatürk. • Mercedes cars are made inGermany. • I was born on the first of January. • Ice-cream is made from milk. • Books are made of paper. • The omelette was made with eggs, cheese and peppers. • The painting was sold fora lot of money. • Many cars have been stolen inthis neighbourhood. • Vegetables are grown on the farm. • This traditional song is sung atweddings.

  10. TENSES IN PASSIVE TENSESACTIVEPASSIVE Present Simple: They examine patients. *Patients are examined. Present Continuous:They are examining patients.*Patients are being examined. Past Simple:They examined patients.*Patients were examined. Past Continuous:They were examining patients.*Patients were being examined. Present Perfect:They have examined patients.*Patients have been examined. Past Perfect:They had examined patients.*Patients had been examined. Going to:They are going to examine patients.*Patients are going to be examined. Simple Future:They will examine patients.*Patients will be examined. Future Perfect:Theywill have examined patients.*Patients will have been examined. Modals:They can examine patients.*Patients can be examined. They must examine patients.*Patients must be examined. They should examine patients.*Patients should be examined. They have to examine patients.*Patients have to be examined.

  11. FORM OF THE PASSIVE Subject + to be + past participle *To form the passive voice, we use the verb to be in the tense that we need andthe past participle of the main verb. TENSES TO BE PAST PARTICIPLE Present Simple am / is / are used Present Continuous am / is / are being followed Past Simple was / were written Past Continuous was / were being taught Present Perfect have / has been prepared Past Perfect had been washed Going to am / is / are going to be found Simple Future will be destroyed Future Perfect will have been done Modals can be looked after must be checked should be cleaned have to be answered

  12. FORMING PASSIVE QUESTIONS 1 • Does each restaurant serve some local specialities? • Are some local specialities served by each restaurant? • Do they permit/allow you to smoke in the cinema? • Are you permitted/allowed to smoke in the cinema? • Have men produced nuclear weapons throughout history? • Have nuclear weapons been produced throughout history? • Has a famous architect redesigned the building? • Has the building been redesigned by a famous architect? • Had they removed the fence between the two properties? • Had the fence been removed between the two properties? • Did they repair the photocopier in two hours? • Was the photocopier repaired in two hours? • Are personal computers changing our working lives? • Are our working lives being changed by personal computers? • Are they designing a new machine? • Is a new machine being designed?

  13. FORMING PASSIVE QUESTIONS 2 • Do you have to turn all videos to the shop before 6 p.m.? • Do all the videos have to be returned to the shop before 6 p.m.? • Will computers have displaced all translators by 2020? • Will all translators have been displaced by computers by 2020? • Are they going to build a new airport? • Is a new airport going to be built? • Was the doctor operating on him when the lights went off? • Was he being operated on when the lights went off? • Will a nuclear war exterminate most of the world’s population? • Will most of the world’s population be exterminated in a nuclear war? • Who wrote this book? • Who was this book written by? (By who was this book was written?) • When will she clean the room? • When will the room be cleaned? • What did the committee propose to solve air pollution problem? • What was proposed to solve air pollution problem by the committee?

  14. PASSIVE WITH “GET” • The “get” passive is more informal than the “be” passive. The get passive is more common with verbs that express a change, such as arrest, marry, hurt, catch, educate, etc…. Examples: Our car is cleaned about once a month. Our car gets cleaned about once a month. • 1-I got fined for driving too fast. • 2-No one got hurt at the airport. • 3-Some mafia leaders got captured last night. • 4-One of the most expensive paintings got stolen yesterday. • 5-The evidence got lost at International headquarters. • 6-Some of their plans got changed last year. • 7-One of the policemen got hit by a car. • 8-A thief got caught in the bank. • 9-The evidence got burned in the fire. • 10-The suspect got arrested at the airport.

  15. SOME OTHER EXAMPLES WITH GET 1- Doctor: People often telephone me in the middle of the night. I often get telephoned in the middle of the night. 2- Doctor: They sometimes call me to a road accident. I sometimes get called to a road accident. 3-Policeman: They sometimes call me to football matches. I sometimes get sent to football matches. 4-Policeman: People occasionally threaten me. I occasionally get threatened. 5-Actor: From time to time people ask me for my autograph. From time to time I get asked for my autograph. 6- Waiter: People usually leave me a tip. I usually get left a tip. 7-Waiter: They always blame me if the food is no good. I always get blamed if the food is no good.

  16. DOUBLE OBJECT VERBS • When we have verbs that take two objects like, for example, give somebody something, we can convert the active sentence into a passive one in two ways: a) by making the indirect (animate) object the subject of the passive voice, which is also the way that we usually prefer. b) by making the direct (inanimate) object the subject of the passive voice. Rick gave me (indirect object)this book (direct object). e.g.:I was given this book by Rick. e.g.:This book was given to me by Rick. • Some of the verbs that take two objects are: give, tell, send, show, bring, write, offer, pay, etc

  17. EXERCISES ON PASSIVE VOICE 1-The rooms …………………………………... (clean) every day in our hotel, (present simple) 2-The door ………………………………………….. (lock) from the inside, (past simple) 3-The flowers ……………………………………… (water) every day.(present simple) 4- The jewellery …………………………………. (steal) between midnight and five o'clock, (past simple) 5-Breakfast ……………………………….. (serve) between seven and ten o'clock every day. (present simple) 6-The programme……………………………………… (watch) by millions of people now, (presentcontinuous) 7-We ………………………………………(give) pocket money every week, (present simple) 8-Istanbul ………………………………… (conquer) in 1453. 9-All the books …………………………………………….. (return) to the library.(present perfect) 10-The invitations …………………………………… (send) before the wedding was cancelled. (past perfect) 11-Tke painting ………………………………………. (give) to the National Gallerysoon, (will) 12-A new car park …………………………………………. (build) in the city centre, (will) 13-Before they started their journey, the car …………………………………………….. (repair), (past perfect) 14-The children ……………………………………………. (just/take) to the zoo. (present perfect) 15-All the work …………………………….…………..……………. (finish). (present perfect) 16-The picture ………………………………………… (paint) many years ago. (past perfect)

  18. MAKE A PASSIVE SENTENCE 1-A: That's a beautiful picture.B: Yes. (It / paint / my mother) 2- A: Have they caught the thieves yet? B: Yes. (two men / arrest / yesterday) 3- A: Did you build the garage yourselves? B: No. (the garage / build / before we moved in) 4- A: Why is Paul afraid of dogs? B: (he / bite / bya dog / when he was a little boy) 5- A: Sarah is very ill. B: (she / take / to hospital last night) 6- A: This room is a disgrace. B: (it / not clean / for weeks) 7- A: Did you know about your surprise party? B: No. (it / arrange / in secret) 8- A: Are you going to drive to work today? B: I can't, (the car / not fix / yet) 9- A: Has Tom got a job? B: No. (he / make redundant / last month)

  19. UNDERLINE THE CORRECT ANSWER Fire 1) swept/was swept through a furniture ware-houseyesterday afternoon. Most of the stock inside was damaged/damaged, but shocked workers have been managed/managed to save a small amount of it. The police 4) are being investigated/ are investigating the cause of the fire, but it 5) is thought/thinks that it was an accident. The shop manager 6) is being looked/is looking for another warehouse where stock can 7) keep/be kept. 'A lot of stock 8) has been lost/has lost, but the shop 9) will open/will be opened tomorrow as usual,' said the manager. 'I'm just glad no one 10) hurt/was hurt.'

  20. REWRITE THE SENTENCES INTO ACTIVE VOICE 1-“The one hundred and One Dalmatians” was written by D. Smith. Dodie Smith 2-This story can’t be published. We 3-Tom was being followed by two men. Two men 4-The window has been broken. Somebody 5-This cereal is preferred by young children. Young children 6-The oranges had been picked before the storm. Farmers 7-The new road is going to be finished in a few minutes. Workers 8-An ancient temple has been discovered by archaeologists. Archaeologists

  21. COMPLETE WITH THE PASSIVE 1-The match …………………………………………..………………… (going to / watch) by millions of fans. 2-The flowers ………………………………………………………. (can / deliver) tomorrow morning. 3-A meeting ………………………………………………… (must / arrange) soon. 4-A new basketball court …………………………………………….. (may / build) here next year. 5-The plates and glasses …………………….…….………………. (might / damage). 6-Irregular verbs …………………………….……………………. (have to / learn) well. 7-The light over the front door ………………………………………………………………. (going to / replace). 8-Your skin ………………………………………………………………. (should / protect) from the sun.

  22. REWRITE THE SENTENCES IN THE PASSIVE 1-The police must stop them criminal now. The criminal ……………………………………………………………… 2-People ought to throw rubbish in the litter bins. Rubbish ……………………………………………………………………… 3-They should decorate the room with flowers. The room ………………………………………………………………. 4-She might solve the mystery on the accident. The mystery on the accident …………………………………. 5-You mustn't turn off the heating at night. The heating …………………………………………………………. 6-Someone is going to repair the roof next week. The roof ……………………………………………………………………. 7-They can't find Joanna’s address today. Joanna’s address …………………………………………………………….. 8-We have to hand in the project today. The project …………………………………………………………………

  23. FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE PASSIVE OR ACTIVE FORM OF THE VERBS A: Did you visit many places when you were on holiday? B: Well, on the first day we 1) …………………………………… (take) on a tour of the historic monuments by our guide.A: Oh. Did you go everywhere with him?B: No, we also 2) …………………………. (go) to some places by ourselves.A: How did you manage to travel to the other places?B: We 3) ………………………..…………………….. (advise) to hire a car, but we 4) ………………………… (choose) to travel on public transport because it is much cheaper. A: How did you know which buses and trains to catch, though?B: We 5) …………………..………. (ask) at the tourist information centre and we 6) ……………………..………………… (give) an excellent book which 7) ………………………..……………. (tell) us everything we needed to know. A: So, you enjoyed it then? B: Oh, yes! We had a really great time!

  24. TWO OBJECT VERBS 1.Sarah's boyfriend showed her his new car. Sarah ……………………………………………………………………………. 2.Bob's parents will send him to the U.S.A. next summer. Bob ………………………………………………………………………………………. 3.Rachel's brother took her to the theatre last night. Rachel ………………………………………………………………………….. 4.Helen's boyfriend sent her lovely roses on her birthday. Helen …………………………………………………………………………. 5.Tom's brother was beating him when we arrived there. Tom ……………………………………………………………………………………… 6.I'm sure Sam's wife killed him. Sam …………………………………………………………………………………… 7.Patricia's company gave her a present when she retired. Patricia ………………………………………………………………………………….. 8.Tarkan's bodyguards are protecting him everywhere. Tarkan ……………………………………………………………………………………………

  25. CAUSATIVE The active form of the causative When we arrange with a person to do something for us, we use the structures below. have someone do something get someone to do something Eg.: 1-I have my mother iron my clothes at weekends. I get my mother to iron my clothes at weekends. 2-Kemal had the mechanic repair his car yesterday. Kemal got the mechanic to repair his car yesterday. 3-I must have the mechanic service my car on Saturday. I must get the mechanic to service my car on Saturday.

  26. Exercises 1-I'll ask an Englishman to check my book next week. I’ll have an Englishman check my book next week . I’ll get an Englishman to check my book next week . 2-Tell somebody to water the plants in the garden for you. Have somebody water the plants in the garden for you. Get somebody to water the plants in the garden for you. 3-The hairdresser is cutting my hair this afternoon. I am having the hairdresser cut my hair this afternoon. I am getting the hairdresser to cut my hair this afternoon. 4-She asks a woman to clean the house once a month. She has a woman clean the house once a week. She gets a woman to clean the house once a week. 5-Will you tell the teacher to check your homework tomorrow? Will you have the teacher check your homework tomorrow? Will you get the teacher to check your homework tomorrow? 6- How often does the optician examine your eyes? How often do you have your optician examine your eyes? How often do you get your optician to examine your eyes?

  27. The passive form of the causative Have / get something done Simple present: We have our house decorated every year. Present Cont.: We are hiving/getting our house decorated now. Simple past: We had/got our house decorated last year. Past cont.: We were having/getting our house decorated. Present Perfect: We have just had/ got our house decorated. Past perfect: We had had/got our house decorated. Future: We will have/get our house decorated next year. We are going to have/get our house decorated next year. Future cont.: We will be having/getting our house decorated next year. Future perfect: We will have had/got our house decorated

  28. Exercises 1- I can’t repair my car by myself. I am going to have my car repaired. I am going to have the mechanic repair my car. 2- I am not good at ironing the clothes. I should have my clothes ironed. I should get my sister to iron my clothes. 3- I couldn’t translate the letter into English by myself. I got the letter translated into English. I had my cousin translate the letter into English. 4- The boss doesn’t type the letters by himself. The boss has the letters typed. The boss has the secretary type the letters. 5- The director hasn’t photocopied the documents by himself. The director has had the documents photocopied. The director has had the secretary photocopy the documents.

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