Kingdom Protista

Kingdom Protista • Most UNICELLULAR, some MULTICELLULAR • EUKARYOTIC • 3 groups based on nutrition: • Protozoans (animal-like, heterotrophs) • Algae (plant-like, autotrophs) • Slime Molds (fungus-like, decomposers) • **Eukaryotes that don’t belong to Kingdoms Fungi, Plantae or Animalia

ENDOSYMBIONT HYPOTHESIS • So where did Eukaryotic cells come from? • One theory states that a variety of prokaryotic cells formed symbiotic relationships between each other and then, gathered into one another.

- One specific organism called Cyanophora paradoxa. It is a eukaryotic plant-like protist, but inside its cell it possesses blue-green bacteria growing inside of it instead of chloroplast organelles.

Protozoans (Animal-like) • “PROTOZOA” = First Animal • classified primarily by their means of locomotion. • PHYLUM CILIOPHORA – Ciliates • Have CILIA – which they use to move & feed • Mostly freshwater • Ex) Paramecium

2. PHYLUM SARCODINA • SARCODE = Is Greek for JELLY • move & eat using “PSEUDOPODS” = False Foot • Ex) Amoeba Amoebic Dysentery

3. PHYLUM ZOOMASTIGINA • use one or more flagella to move around • “ZOO” means animal & most animals have a tail TRYCHONYMPHA = Inside Termite Gut GIARDIA = “Beaver Fever” Gastrointestinal Disease TRYPANASOMA = African Sleeping Sickness

4. PHYLUM SPOROZOA • NO ability to move • Most are parasitic • create SPORES that travel through bodily fluids & water. Plasmodium Vivax = Malaria

The World Health Organization (WHO), in its latest estimate of malaria mortality, has concluded that around 881,000 people died from the disease in 2006. Around 91% of those who died were children in Africa. There were an estimated 247 million cases globally (range: 189–327 million).

Algae (Plant-Like) PHYTA = PLANT • Photosynthetic (have chlorophyll) • Lacks conductive tissue = NON-VASCULAR • NO true roots • NO supportive stems • NO true leaves

Habitat: mainly aquatic some moist terrestrial species Advantages of living in water: • Prevents drying out • Gives structural support • Provides nutrition • Helps to disperse spores & meeting of gametes

Roles in the environment: • Major food source for heterotrophs • Major producer of oxygen • Major component in plankton • Biofuel

EUGLENA (Phylum Euglenophyta) • Unicellular • No cell wall • Have pellicle • Use flagella to move • Ex) Euglena

2. Fire Algae (phylum Pyrrophyta) PYRRO = FIRE • Dinoflagellates • Unicellular • 2 flagella spin the cells through water • Mostly marine (plankton) • Some bioluminescent • Ex) Gonyaulax – causes red tide

3. Golden Algae (phylum Chrysophyta) CHRYSO = GOLDEN • Diatoms • Unicellular; some colonial • No movement • Have glasslike cell walls containing silica

CHLORO = GREEN 4. Green Algae (phylum Chlorophyta) • Unicellular (phytoplankton) or multicellular • Most live in freshwater; some in shallow ocean floor • Some have symbiotic relationship with fungi (= lichen) • Ex) Volvox - colonial

5. RED ALGAE (phylum Rhodophyta) • Not all red • Mainly live in warm saltwater • Can use light that penetrates deep water 6. BROWN ALGAE (phylum Phaeophyta) • Cool, saltwater • Ex) Giant kelps

Slime Molds (Fungus-Like) • Most small • 3 groups • Plasmoidal Slime Molds • Cellular Slime Molds • Water Molds Commonly called “DOG VOMIT Slime Mold”

A million people are said to have died of hunger in Ireland in the late 1840s due to mass starvation. Cause: a water mold

Kingdom Protista