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Lecture5 HISTORY OF UKRAINIAN MEDICINE
1. Folk medicine.2. Medical schools. Yuriy Drohobych-Kotermak.3. Ukrainian medicine in XVI-XVII centuries (Epifany Slavinetsky, Cossack’s medicine, Kiev-Mohyla academy).4. Medical institutions. 5. Modern Ukrainian medicine. The Ukrainian National Museum of Medicine. Lecture Plan
The history of medicine in Ukraine begins with the history of folk medicine. The origin of Ukrainian medicine may be traced back to the folk medicine of the Kyiv Ukraine-Rus epoch. It developed as a monastery medicine and medicine of the Cossacks state.
Medical and veterinary care in ancient Ukraine were mainly involved in the Kmet. Kmet called multi-talented people who are able to help and teach. The experience gained healers often handed down from generation to generation.
A variety of therapeutic agents have been in ancient times. Ointments were used in live plants, seeds, roots, flowers. There were known oil of apricot and plum, as well as seeds of wild pear and apple trees. Powders were not only from plants and their various parts, but also of minerals and bones. Then physicians were familiar with pacing, anti-inflammatory, sedative and analgesic herbs. The combination of the latter is used in different proportions (valerian, henbane, poppy, datura, belladonna). This allowed the then doctors do surgery on the legs, abdomen and skull.
Скиф-воин лечит больной зуб товарищу.Чеканное изображение на вазе с кургана Куль-Оба.Золото. IV в. до н.э.Ленинград. Эрмитаж
Изображение скифов на Куль-Обской вазе.
Near the monastery medicine in Rus there was secular medicine. The combination of these two trends in Kyiv Rus depicted on the famous tapestry “Kyiv Rus”.
There were women healers - Fevronia, Eufrosyne, Marina. In the eleventh century Princess Anne Vsevolodivna opened a secular school in Kiev, where taught medicine. Granddaughter of Vladimir Monomakh - Eupraxia - published medical work, devoted to the physiology, hygiene, propaedeutics and prevention of certain diseases.
The first medical hospitals in Kyiv Rus were founded in the 11-th century and were mostly in the form of alms houses attached to churches.In 1653 in the city of Zamostya (near Lviv) Zamostya’s academy was organized under the initiative of graph Yan Zamoyskyi. Yan Zamoyskyi graduated from the University of Padua. He desided to open a similar school in his motherland. The Pope of Rome Clement VIII confirmed the Academy status and gave it the right to adjudge the degree of the doctors of philosophy, low and medicine. Medical Faculty of the Academy was weaker than that of Cracow. Only 1-2 professors taught medicine there.
The relation between Zamostya’s academy and Padua University was very strong during many years. For example, rector of the Academy asked Padua’s medical faculty an advice about the causes and treatment of Kovtun (Plica Polonica). At that time it was spread on Halychyna territory, especially among Hutsuls, who lived in mountain regions of Carpathians. The academy was existing only for 190 years. But it played a positive role in the dissemination of scientific medical knowledge among the population. Some graduates of the academy, especially Ukrainians and Byelorussians went on a service to the feudal lords. Some graduates continued their education at the universities of Italy where they received a degree of the doctor of medicine.
One of such doctors of medicine was Yuriy Drohobych-Kotermak (1450-1494). Yuriy Drohobych-Kotermak was a philosopher, astrologist, writer, medical doctor, rector of the University of Bologna, professor of Krakow Academy, first publisher of a Ukrainian printed text. He is the author of “Iudicium Pronosticon Anni Currentis”, 1483.In 1478 Drohobych received his doctorate in philosophy, but he continued his studies. This time he took up medicine.At that time natural philosophy disciplines were closely connected. Almost all contemporary philosophers demonstrated equally strong knowledge in astronomy and medicine, which allowed university professors to transfer from one department to another. Similar methods were used in teaching both disciplines. It was done through reading and interpretation of Latin translations of Greek and Arab classical authors.
Medicine was considered the key to understanding nature. Shortly after Drohobych completed his medical studies, he was offered a position to teach astronomy at Bologna University. At the beginning of 1481, the students of the University elected Drohobych to become the rector of the school of Medicine and Free Arts. In 1486 Drohobych returned to Krakow. He started his medical practice and also taught medicine at Krakow University. Similar to his peers from Bologna, he based his lectures on the works of Hippocrates, Galen, and Avicenna. A few years later, he received his professorship in medicine and became the doctor of the Polish king Casimir IV Jagiellon. In 1492 he became the Dean of the Department of Medicine. It was customary at that time for professors to have off-site meetings to discuss with students issues that did not fit the official scientific doctrine. Copernicus attended Drohobych’s meetings, however it is not certain whether the former had an influence on the latter.
Ukrainian medicine in XVI-XVII centuries (Epifany Slavinetsky, Cossack’s medicine, Kiev-Mohyla academy).
The history of Ukraine in XVI-XVII centuries is characterized by struggle of Ukrainians for their independence. In the 14th and 15th centuries new hospitals were built and many physicians gave the first aid to the inhabitants of Ukraine and the soldiers of Bogdan Khmelnitsky’s troops.
At the end of the XVI century the main Kossacks hospital was the hospital in Trahtemyrivskyi monastery below the Dnipro. Military hospitals were in monasteries: Lebedinsky near Chyhyryn and Levkovsky near Ovruch. Monasteries willingly took care over the Cossacks. In Cossack hospitals, opposed to civilians in towns and villages, the disabled found refuge as well as treatment the wounded was practiced. Those were the first military hospitals in Ukraine.
«Запорожский Спас» — главный казацкий госпиталь в Межигорье около Киева.
Pauline, mint, borschivnyk were the main components of content of Kossack pipe. That is why Cossacks almost never were sick with asthma and bronchitis. Moreover smoking was able to reduce pressure, calm nerves, improve appetite, sleep and even eyesight. Vitamins and other necessary substances lacking in conventional food Cossacks received in this form.
Epifany Slavinetsky Among famous doctors of that time it is important to mention Epifany Slavinetsky. In the 1620s, he attended the Kyiv Brotherhood School and later continued his education abroad. Epifany was one of the most educated people of his period that came from Central and Eastern Europe. He came to master the Latin, Polish, Ancient Greek and Hebrew languages. Epifany Slavinetsky translated into Slavic languages the book of anatomy by Andreas Vesalius.
Kyiv-Mohyla academy Kyiv-Mohyla academy played a significant role in the preparing of medical stuff, with organization of hospital’s medical schools. During 14 years (1784-1798) more than 300 persons who were studying at academy, entered medical schools. The Academy was first opened in 1615 as the Kyiv Brotherhood School. In 1632 the Kyiv Pechersk Lavra school and Kyiv Brotherhood School merged into the Kyiv-Mohyla Collegium (Latin: Collegium Kiyovense Mohileanum). The Collegium was named after Petro Mohyla.
Among the famous graduates of the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy there are names of Peter Doroshenko, Philip Orlik, Yuri Khmelnitsky, Paul Teterya, Gregory Skovoroda, Ivan Skoropadskyi, Ivan Mazepa etc. Many graduates of the Academy continued to enrich their knowledge abroad and received their doctors' degrees there. Many former students of this Academy have become the well-known scientists. They are the epidemiologist D. S. Samoilovych, the obstetrician N. M. Ambodyk-Maximovych, the pediatrist S. F. Chotovytsky, the anatomist O. Shumlyansky and many others.
The main building of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy in the seventeenth century.
In 1686 the first bacteriological station was organized in Odessa which was of great importance in the development of microbiology and epidemiology. The famous scientists I. I. Mechnikov and M. F. Gamaliya worked at this station and succeeded much in their investigations. In spite of favorable conditions for the successful development of natural sciences in Russia many outstanding scientists worked in Ukraine. It is known that the brilliant scientist M. I. Pirogov and his followers (V. O. Karavayev, O. F. Shimanovsky, M. V. Sklifosovsky and others) made valuable contribution to the development of Ukrainian medicine.
In the XVIII century medical schools were the main educational institutions on preparation of the doctors. About 2000 men had received rank of the doctors. The period of training at these schools varied from 5 till 10 years. It is necessary to recollect the professors and scientists of our medical schools: O. Shumlanskiy, M. Terehovskiy and others.
O. Shumlanskiy (1748-1795) in 1793 finished his scientific work devoted to a structure of kidneys. He was the first who describe a structure of kidneys. He established that malpigiy body was not gland, which was concerned at that time. M. Terehovsky (1740-1796) in his doctoral studies proved that the microorganisms in the calm water do not appear themselves but are coming from outside. Nestor Maksymovitch-Ambodyck (1744-1812) published the dictionary, where he showed a lay of new terms. He published the books on botany.
At the end of the 18th and during the 19th centuries the medical departments were formed at the Universities of Kharkiv, Kyiv, Lviv and Odessa. The total number of physicians has increased in Ukraine. The medicine of Zemstvo was widely used at that time. During the Crimean War (1854-1856), upon Pirogov’s initiative the first detachment of nurses was trained and sent to Sevastopol to help its defenders. It gave the beginning of the organization of "Red Cross".
Kharkiv State Medical University The Kharkiv State Medical University is one of the oldest higher educational establishments in Ukraine. It was founded in 1805 as the Medical Faculty of the Kharkov University. At present, over 600 teachers work at the departments of this Medical University.
Odessa State Medical University In year 2000 Odessa State Medical University has completed its 100 years of existence. Odessa State Medical University is the first university of Ukraine which started medical education in English medium in 1996.
The first steps towards modern Ukrainian medicine were made in 1898-1910, when the first scientific associations of Ukrainian doctors were established: the Ukrainian scientific Society in Kyiv and the Shevchenko Scientific Society in Lviv. The first works on medicine in Ukrainian were published and the first disease prevention and treatment institutions of clearly Ukrainian orientation were established. At the same time, Ukrainian doctors made themselves heard at European medical forums in Paris, Madrid, Prague and Belgrade and the Ukrainian Halitska army health service established the new Ukrainian military medicine.
In January 1918, he first medical journal in Eastern Ukraine “Ukrainski Medychni Visti” was published. In its editorial “Our tasks today” Ovksentiy Korchak-Chepurkovskyi, the oldest Ukrainian professor-hygienist, the founder of social hygiene, wrote the following: “Our main task is to develop Ukrainian national medicine as a science and practical field of knowledge”. To achieve this goal, it was necessary to “open our scientific and educational medical establishments, draw upon the experience of medicine…”.
Korchak-Chepurkovskyi organized and headed the first Ukrainian medical university department. He was one of the founders of the Ukrainian Academy of Science, where he established a medical section which made the functions of a center of Ukrainian medical science development, and organized a health research department, a prototype of later academic institute. He also researched Ukrainian medical terminology as well as the health and demography of the Ukrainian population.
Among the first national scientific schools were those of surgeons (by Yevhen Cherniakhivskyi), obstetrician-gynecologist (by Oleksaner Krupskyi), physician-gerontologist (by Ivan Bzylevych), otolaryngologists (by Oleksander Puchkivsky), microbiologists (by Marko Neshadymenko) and others.
The Ukrainian National Museum of Medicine The National Museum of Medicine of Ukraine is an exposition modernly equipped and showing the path of medicine and public health development in Ukraine from ancient times to the present day. The need for such museum is obvious: it is the base for teaching the history of medicine and other disciplines in medical schools.The National Museum of Medicine of Ukraine was established in 1973. It is located in the building of the former anatomical theatre of Kyiv University. The first chief of the museum was its founder, Honoured Science Worker of Ukraine, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor O.A. Grando.
The creators of the museum took a fresh approach to its organization. Poster exhibitions, original interiors, portraits of famous scientists and physicians, dioramas of the most significant events in Ukrainian medicine – all this make the exhibition bright and exciting. The National Museum of Medicine of Ukraine is the largest of all European medical museums. The special painful pages of our history are the Holodomor of 1932-1933 and Chernobyl which are reflected in the halls of the museum.
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