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Management Meeting Progress Report

This report provides an update on the recruitment progress of the project. It includes the names and start dates of the three Research Associates (RAs) and seven PhD students hired. The report also outlines the recent meetings, workshops, and brainstorming sessions conducted with the project team and Siemens engineers. Additionally, it highlights the PhD research topics and milestones achieved.

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Management Meeting Progress Report

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  1. Management Meeting Progress Report 1 February 2018

  2. Recruitment Project Manager Keith Dean 3 RAs recruited (3 years) ShaoshenXue (11/2017) Liren Huang (4/2018) Tao Wang (7/2018) 7 PhDs recruited Luke Cowling Xu Jin Dileepkumar K P Yi WEI Tianyi LIU Sumeet Singh Thakur Rajesh Kumar (waiting for visa)

  3. EPSRC PP - PhD Outlines – 2017 Entry PhD Students and Research Associates Unrestricted

  4. EPSRC PP - PhD Outlines – 2017 Entry PhD Students and Research Associates Unrestricted

  5. Meetings Project management meetings weekly Technical meetings weekly Technical meetings with Siemens engineers On power electronics and control, 10 Oct. 2017 On electrical machines, 21 Nov. 2017 Technical Workshop with Siemens engineers 23/24 January 2018

  6. Agenda • Presentation of current system (Phil) • Overview of turbine converter requirements i.e. what does it need to do as well as convert electrical power • Nice to have/Unnecessary to have • Discussion of alternative topologies and ideas • 2-L vs. 3-L, Si vs. SiC • Dual-3-phase vs. Single 3-phase • Prognostics of insulation currents/Common mode minimisation • PWM switching • Focus on PhD and research topics • Luke Cowling • SumeetThakur • Yi Wei • TianyiLiu • Open discussion for future research Brainstorming sessionfor converter topologies for Wind Turbine Generators10 Oct. 2017 Philip Waite, Chief Engineer, Power Converter Paul Godridge, Head of Software, Modelling & Control Arwyn Thomas, Head of Generator Development Richard Clark Antonio Griffof MilijanaOdavic Guangjin Li Z.Q. Zhu

  7. Brainstorming sessionfor Direct-Drive Wind Power Generators 21 Nov. 2017 • Agenda • Meeting with academic investigators on EPSRC Prosperity Partnership to discuss and agree topics for research for the Post-Doctoral RAs and PhDs • ShaoshenXue • DileepKumar KP • Rajesh Kumar • Jaime Maravi • Liren Huang Erik Groendahl, Chief Engineer, Generator ArwynThomas, Head of Generator Development Richard Clark Ziad Azar Guangjin Li Z.Q. Zhu

  8. EPSRC Prosperity Partnership • Technical Workshop • 23 and 24 January 2018, Room G03, 9 MappinStreet 15 EMD Univ. of Sheffield Zi-Qiang ZhuMilijanaOdavicMartin FosterDavid A StoneAntonio GriffoGuangjin Li Ximeng Wu Tianyi Liu Luke Cowling Jin Xu Yi Wei Jaime Maravi Dileep Kumar Yanxin Li ShaoshenXue Tuesday, 23 January 2018 11 SGRE Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy Brande, Denmark SteffanHansen, Head of Electrical Drive Train Erik Groendahl, Chief Engineer, Generator NunoFreire, Generator Control Team Lead Keele, UK Nick Hayward, Head of Frequency Converter Phil Waite, Chief Engineer, Power Converter Paul Godridge, Head of Software, Modelling & Control Sheffield, UK ArwynThomas, Head of Generator Development Clark, Richard Alex Duke Yuan Wu Ziad Azar

  9. EPSRC Prosperity Partnership • Technical Workshop • 23 and 24 January 2018, Room G03, 9 MappinStreet Wednesday, 24 January 2018

  10. EPSRC Prosperity Partnership • Technical Workshop • 23 and 24 January 2018, Room G03, 9 MappinStreet

  11. Sheffield-EMD

  12. WP1.1. Development and design optimisation of novel modular balanced multi-3-phase direct-drive PM generators • 1PDRA & 2PhDs ->1PDRA & 3PhDs. (1PDRA on new machine topologies, full-size generators, scalability study, 1PhD on modular multi-3-phase generators, 1PhD on multi-phase generators) • PhD: Dileep Kumar - Vernier PM generator • 1/10/2017 • Literature review completed & report produced • Ppt presented to SGRE engineers • Design of full size generator started • PhD: Rajesh Kumar – Transverse flux PM machine • 1/2/2018 • PhD: Yanxin Li – Modular PM generators • 1/10/2014-30/12/2017 • Novel modular 3kW PM generators developed & prototyped, as well as experimentally validated • RA: Dr ShaoshenXue – Loss in PM generator • 1/12/2017 • Loss in modular PM machines

  13. 1PDRA & 1PhD ->1PDRA & 3PhDs. (1PDRA on multi-level and multi-3 phase modular converters and PWMs, 1PhD on open-winding machine control) • PhD: Luke Crowling – SiC converter • 1/10/2017 • Literature review completed & report produced, pptpresented to SGRE engineers • PhD: Jin Xu – Control of multi-3-phase converters • 1/10/2017 • Literature review completed & report produced, pptpresented to SGRE engineers • PhD: SumeetSingh Thakur – novel ac/ac converter • 1/2/2018 (arrived) • RA: Tao Wang • 1/7/2018 WP1.2. Development of novel modular multi-3-phase converters and control strategies

  14. Lead Partner: DU/Dong, Co-Partner: UoS(EMD); Resource: 1 PhD • Contact: Dr Christopher Crabtree, "CRABTREE C.J." <c.j.crabtree@durham.ac.uk> WP1.3. Robust power converter design for large scale wind turbine application

  15. WP1.4. Parasitic effect and sensitivity studies, including noise and vibration, bearing current and manufacturing tolerances, rotor eccentricities etc. 1PDRA & 2PhDs. (1PDRA on bearing current, 1PhD on tolerance etc, 1PhD on noise) PhD: Jaime Maravi – Noise and vibration • 1/10/2015 • Literature review completed & report produced • Vibration mode analyses • Experimental validation PhD: Yi Wei – Bearing current, common mode voltage • 1/10/2017 • Literature review completed & report produced • Ppt presented to SGRE engineers RA: Liren Huang – manufacturing tolerances & rotor eccentricities • 1/4/2018

  16. 2PhDs. (1PhD on self-sensing at zero/low speed for SPM generator, 1PhD on self-sensing under unbalanced or fault condition) • PhD: Ximeng WU - Self-sensing at zero/low speed for SPM generator • 1/10/2016 • Completed literature review & reports, ppt presented to SGRE engineers • A new method developed & theoretically analysed • Under experimental verification • PhD: TianyiLiu - Self-sensing under unbalanced or fault condition • 1/12/2017 • Literature review in good progress & to complete by end of 2/2018 WP1.5. Novel self-sensing control techniques for new modular generators

  17. All PhDs & RAs. • PhD: Ximeng WU - self-sensing at zero/low speed for SPM generator • Implemented on dSPACE • PhD: Yanxin Li – modular PM generators • 1/10/2014-30/12/2017 • 3kW PM generator prototyped • All findings experimentally validated • Others to be carried out WP1.6. Validation of developed generators, converters and control strategies on scaled prototype systems

  18. Lead Partner: UoS(EMD)/SWP, Co-Partner: DU; Resource: 2PhDs. (1PhD on fault analysis and condition monitoring, 1PhD on health and lifetime prognosis) • Not yet allocate PhDs yet & no progress to report yet. • Delayed by one year WP3.5. Generator and converter fault analyses, including open- and short-circuits, and health and condition monitoring

  19. Performance comparison between conventional and vernier PM machines Analytical modelling of vernier PM machines Torque/power density improvement of vernier PM machines Power factor improvement of vernier PM machines Minimisationof system cost Scalability study • EPSRC PP - PhD Outlines – 2017 Entry WP1.1. Development and design optimisation of novel modular balanced multi-3-phase direct-drive PM generatorsInvestigation on Novel Vernier PM Machines for Wind Power Application Permanent magnet generators offer the highest efficiency and torque/power density, which in turn can reduce the cost of installation etc. For most industrial drives, the cost of inverter/converter with current silicon technologies may be higher than that of the machine. However, this may not be true in the direct-drive (DD) permanent magnet (PM) generator technologies, as due to the low speed, the generator size is large and its cost may be higher than the converter. Therefore, there is a requirement to further investigate high-torque, but low power factor, machine technologies such as transverse flux PM machines and Vernier PM machines. This project will focus on Vernier PM machines for wind power application. Alternative Vernier PM generator technologies will be compared with reference to conventional PM generators, in terms of power factor, power capability, power density, losses and efficiency, reliability, fault tolerance, etc., with the aim to identify the most appropriate generator topology to minimise the overall system cost. The study will make use of finite element and analytical techniques to investigate the influence of key design parameters specific to the developed topologies. Design optimization including multi-physics modeling techniques will be undertaken to maximise the electromagnetic, thermal and mechanical performance of the selected generator topologies.

  20. Performance comparison between conventional and Transverse Flux PM machines Lumped circuit modelling of Transverse Flux PM Machines Torque/Power Density Improvement of Transverse Flux PM Machines Power Factor Improvement of Transverse Flux Permanent Magnet Machines Minimisationof System Cost Scalability Study • EPSRC PP - PhD Outlines – 2017 Entry WP1.1. Development and design optimisation of novel modular balanced multi-3-phase direct-drive PM generatorsInvestigation on Novel Transverse Flux Permanent Magnet Machines for Wind Power Application Permanent magnet generators offer the highest efficiency and torque/power density, which in turn can reduce the cost of installation etc. For most industrial drives, the cost of inverter/converter with current silicon technologies may be higher than that of the machine. However, this may not be true in the direct-drive (DD) permanent magnet (PM) generator technologies, as due to the low speed, the generator size is large and its cost may be higher than the converter. Therefore, there is a requirement to further investigate high-torque, but low power factor, machine technologies such as transverse flux PM machines and Vernier PM machines. This project will focus on Transverese Flux PM (TFPM) machines for wind power application. Alternative TFPM generator technologies will be compared with reference to conventional PM generators, in terms of power factor, power capability, power density, losses and efficiency, reliability, fault tolerance, etc., with the aim to identify the most appropriate generator topology to minimise the overall system cost. The study will make use of finite element and analytical techniques to investigate the influence of key design parameters specific to the developed topologies. Design optimization including multi-physics modeling techniques will be undertaken to maximise the electromagnetic, thermal and mechanical performance of the selected generator topologies. .

  21. Review of current generator energy conversion systems. Analysis of benefit SiC converter in wind energy conversion Electro-thermal interaction and reliability modelling Optimal system design Prototyping and validation • EPSRC PP - PhD Outlines – 2017 Entry WP1.2. Development of novel modular multi-3-phase converters and control strategiesOptimal design of SiC-based converter for wind power application The majority of current wind turbine converters use 690V two-level converters based on (1.7kV) Si-IGBTs with a typical efficiency of approx. 96% at 3kHz switching frequency. Recent advances in semiconductor manufacturing have made SiC devices commercially available. Despite their benefits in terms of lower losses, higher efficiency, lower sensitivity to temperature, SiC have not gained significant market penetration in cost-sensitive applications. Although currently more expensive than their Si counterpart, it is expected that in the near future, wider availability from a number of suppliers will make them cost competitive with Si-based solutions. The benefits of SiC-based converters are well understood for high-performance high-speed drives e.g. in traction applications. Relatively less clear is the benefit to low voltage, low frequency and cost sensitive applications, such as those in the current wind generation industry. “SiC converters can improve the wind system power conversion efficiency and can reduce the system’s size and cost due to the low-loss, high-frequency, and high-temperature properties of SiC devices, possibly even for one-for-one replacement for Si devices.”

  22. Development of control strategies for multiphase and multi-3-phase pm generators with different phase shifts Investigation of PWM strategies for multiphase and multi-3-phase pm generators with different phase shifts Optimal PWM strategies for parallel switching in single and multiphase large direct-drive turbines Comparative study of multiphase and multi-3-phase pm generators • EPSRC PP - PhD Outlines – 2017 Entry WP1.2. Development of novel modular multi-3-phase converters and control strategies Control strategy investigation of multi-3-Phase PM wind power generators considering different phase shifts and asymmetries This project is to develop control strategies and power electronic drives for multi-3-phase PM wind power generators considering different phase shifts and asymmetries. A comparative study of multi-3-phase and parallel 3-phase converters for generators will be carried out. The study will aim to identify the most promising technologies for further detailed study, including those most suitable for high power, low switching frequency operation, with particular focus on low harmonic distortion, low losses, and high efficiency, as well as low acoustic noise and EMC, etc. The investigation will also include pulse-width-modulation (PWM) and control strategies, featuring high performance and high efficiency.

  23. Propose control/modulation approaches to achieve a constant-magnitude constant-frequency output voltage (i.e. grid voltage) under a variable-magnitude variable-frequency ac voltage of the generator. • Compare the proposed ac/ac topology (i.e. performance, efficiency and cost) with respect to the conventional two-level two-stage ac-dc-ac Si device based power converter. • Explore advantages of FBMMC modularity and in that reconfigurability and fault ride through capabilities. • Compare the proposed ac/ac topology (i.e. performance, efficiency and cost) with respect to the emerging two-level SiC device based power converter. • Explore the applicability of SiC power devices in the proposed MMC topology. • Include full-scale real-time virtual prototyping using OPAL-RT and small-scale experimental validation. • EPSRC PP - PhD Outlines – 2017 Entry WP1.2. Development of novel modular multi-3-phase converters and control strategiesAn ac/ac power converter for direct-drive PMSG based wind energy systems The project is in the area of modular power electronic converters for integration of offshore wind turbines to the medium voltage grid. It will explore challenges of interfacing a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) wind turbine to the grid through a double-star modular multilevel converter based on full bridge cells (FBMMC). In particular, the focus will be set on direct ac-to-ac power conversion topologies based on a FBMMC. In this configuration, a power electronic converter is required to convert a variable-magnitude variable-frequency ac voltage of the generator to a constant magnitude constant-frequency grid voltage. The performance of the proposed topology will be analysed with respect to the conventional two-level two-stage ac-dc-ac Si device based power converter. It will explore advantages of FBMMC modularity and in that reconfigurability and fault ride through capabilities. The comparative studies will also be done with respect to a two-level SiC device based power converter topology. Further, the applicability of SiC power devices in the proposed MMC topology will be investigated. The study will include full-scale real-time virtual prototyping using OPAL-RT and small-scale experimental validation..

  24. Investigation of high-frequency models of machine Modelling of common-mode Voltage, CM impedance and currents Investigation of alternative modulation strategies for reduced CM voltage. Experimental Validation • EPSRC PP - PhD Outlines – 2017 Entry WP1.4. Parasitic effect and sensitivity studies, including noise and vibration, bearing current and manufacturing tolerances, rotor eccentricities etc.Modelling of high frequency behaviour of machine insulation, common-mode currents & mitigation strategies High-frequency modelling of machine can provide a tool to understand the voltage distribution and the associated stress on different regions of the insulation system (e.g. turn-to-turn / turn-to-ground). Although insulation degradation in low-voltage machines is mostly thermally activated, i.e. LV machines are unlikely to suffer from partial discharge, this might not be the case when fast rise-times (high dv/dt) are generated by fast-switching devices. Therefore, understanding voltage stress is important in the context of quantifying benefits and drawbacks of potential alternative designs e.g. MV or the use of SiC switches. A second aspect of the high-freq. modelling is related to the common mode currents resulting from standard modulation schemes in two-level converters. CM currents are known to be a cause of bearing lifetime reduction. The monitoring of common-mode impedance has also been demonstrated to be an indicator for diagnostic and prognostic of insulation state of health.

  25. High speed and low speed sensorless control strategies for pm generators with generator asymmetries Sensorlesscontrol strategies for PM generators with inverter faults Dual 3-phase sensorless control strategies for pm generators with generator asymmetries and/or inverter faults • EPSRC PP - PhD Outlines – 2017 Entry WP1.5. Novel self-sensing control techniques for new modular generatorsFault-tolerant Sensorless Control of PM Wind Power Generators Under Generator Asymmetries and Inverter Faults There is an increasing requirement to reduce the cost of energy production, e.g. for wind energy production. The major aspects include smarter and larger reliable wind power generation systems. Due to their large size, the wind power generators are usually sensorless controlled. However, their large size also means they are manufactured from segments and consequently with inherent asymmetries. The conventional sensorless techniques which assume perfect symmetry may introduce significant errors, which will degrade the output performance and energy production efficiency. Further, during fault conditions, the conventional sensorless techniques will not perform reliably and may cause further unexpected deviations in performance. It is therefore important to develop novel fault-tolerant sensorless techniques for wind power applications. This project will develop novel sensorless techniques for wind power generators which exhibit manufacturing and operating asymmetries, as well as faults such as open-circuits and short-circuits. A dSPACEplatform will be used for both simulation and testing, with experimental validation performed on an existing 3kW prototype.

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