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Biodiesel Basics

Presentation Slides Courtesy Doug Wene and b100supply.com. Biodiesel Basics. Fatty Acid. Alcohol. Glycerin. What is Biodiesel?. Alternative fuel for diesel engines Made from vegetable oil or animal fat Meets health effect testing (CAA) Lower emissions, High flash point (>300F), Safer

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Biodiesel Basics

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  1. Presentation Slides Courtesy Doug Wene and b100supply.com Biodiesel Basics

  2. Fatty Acid Alcohol Glycerin What is Biodiesel? • Alternative fuel for diesel engines • Made from vegetable oil or animal fat • Meets health effect testing (CAA) • Lower emissions, High flash point (>300F), Safer • Biodegradable, Essentially non-toxic. • Chemically, biodiesel molecules are mono-alkyl esters produced usually from triglyceride esters FA FA FA FA Biodiesel Vegetable Oil

  3. Biodiesel can be used in existing Diesel Engines • Pure Biodiesel (B100) or blended with petroleum diesel (B20, BXX). • Rudolf Diesel: peanut oil. • Little or no engine modifications • Use existing fuel distribution network. • Available now

  4. Environmental Issues • Burning fossil fuels increases atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide • Fossil fuels are a finite resource Biodiesel’s Closed Carbon Cycle 30% Increase Graph taken from USF Oceanography webpage

  5. Relative Greenhouse Gas Emissions B100 B100 = 100% Biodiesel B20 = 20% BD + 80% PD Electric Diesel Hybrid B20 Ethanol 85% Diesel LPG CNG Gasoline 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Data from “A Fresh Look at CNG: A Comparison of Alternative Fuels”, Alternative Fuel Vehicle Program, 8/13/2001

  6. Relative emissions: Diesel and Biodiesel B100 ** B20 CO2 Diesel Mutagenicity n-PAHs PAHs Sulfates **NOx Particulate Matter CO Total Unburned HCs 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Percent ** B100 (100% biodiesel) with NOx adsorbing catalyst on vehicle

  7. How Is It Made? Vegetable Oil + Alcohol + Lye  Biodiesel Warn about Peanut Oil Allergy - Filter the WVO – Mix the Lye w/ MeOH - Play Mixing Methoxide Video

  8. Chemistry of Triglycerides • Biodiesel is made from the combination of a triglyceride with a monohydroxy alcohol (i.e. methanol, ethanol…). • What is a triglyceride? Made from a combination of glycerol and three fatty acids:

  9. TransesterificationWhile actually a multi-step process, the overall reaction looks like this: CH2OOR1 catalyst CH2OH |  | CHOOR2 + 3CH3OH  3CH3OORx + CHOH | | CH2OOR3 CH2OH Triglyceride 3 Methanols Biodiesel Glycerin R1, R2, and R3 are fatty acid alkyl groups (could be different, or the same), and depend on the type of oil. The fatty acids involved determine the final properties of the biodiesel (cetane number, cold flow properties, etc.)

  10. THE PROCESS OF MAKING BIODIESEL IN 2 LITER SODA BOTTLE • MIX WARM VEGETABLE OIL, ALCOHOL AND LYE TOGETHER AND THEN ALLOW THE MIXTURE TO STAND. THE LIQUIID SEPARATES INTO: • BIODIESEL Fuel(Primary Product) • GLYCEROL (Secondary Product) Mix it together and start agitation

  11. Biodiesel Samples

  12. Pictorial by Graydon Blair of the Utah Biodiesel Cooperative http://www.utahbiodiesel.org/biodiesel_making.html

  13. After Glycerin removal, biodiesel now just needs to be cleaned/purified before use:

  14. Not All Processors Are Ugly They make their biodiesel in their vehicle

  15. Commercial Biodiesel Plant • 30 MMGal / year

  16. Biodiesel Challenges • Cold Weather Operation (Chemistry) • Producing enough feedstock oil to replace a large portion of petroleum (biology, chemistry, physics, economics) • Engine and emissions optimization (chemistry, physics)

  17. What About the Waste? • Home Brewers (like me) use the waste Glycerin for making bar soap, hand soap and liquid degreaser. • Commercial plants sell their glycerin as an animal feed additive or distill it to 99+ purity and sell it for use in hand lotions and cosmetics.

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