Ancient Rome

1. Ancient Rome -Early Rome -Famous Places of Rome -Daily life and entertainment -The Roman Army Rev-3/6/08

3. Rome in the “old days” is Italy

4. Vocabulary pgs. 1-16 • Greeks- • Etruscans- • Latins- • Peninsula- • Rome- • Palintine Hill- • Capitoline Hill- • The Aenieid • Romulus + Remus • Tiber River- • Via Salaris-Salt road • Patres Familiarem • Senex, Comitia Curiata

5. Modern Rome Southern Italy Italian peninsula = 683 x 155 miles(at widest point) Center of Med.basin ¾ = mountainous -Alps-Northern -Apennines-N Spine of Italy volcanoes 7. Western plains=ideal farm land 8. Eastern side= drier 9. Rivers = Po, Arno, Tiber Geography

6. Founding of Rome stories Two main stories: 1) Virgil- 1st Cent. BC poet wrote in his Aenid”- Romans were descendants of a Trojan prince (Aeneas)

7. “Romulus and Remus” More popular story: Livy- 1st Cent. B.C.- historian Romulus and Remus were sons of war-god Mars, and raised by a she-wolf until discovered by a farmer who raises them to man-hood. While deciding where to build a city they quarrel and Romulus kills Remus. Settlement on Palentine Hill becomes Rome.

8. Advantages of Rome’s site geographically • Overlooks shallow section of Tiber; control trade • City located on “Via Salaria” (salt road) • 16 miles from mouth of river at coast-close for using the ocean but safely far away from raiders like pirates

9. Rome

11. ROME

12. Rome

13. Unlabeled City of Rome

14. Etruscans • Came from north of Latium • Modern day Tuscany • Cleared land, drained marshes, = farmland • Highly civilized, artistic, orderly cities • Wealthy traders with Med.world • Fierce warriors

15. Etruscan kings controlled Rome for close to 70 years. Under these rulers, the Romans developed an alphabet, and learned how to use the arch in building design. ETRUSCANS

16. Etruscan influences in Farming • Use of fertilizers • Crop rotation • Methods of draining swamps • Introduced grapes, olives Ex. Of canal system

17. -Introduced Greek religion and idea of “Augury” -Use of metal for weapons, tools -New fashions -Alphabet 21 letters adopted to make the Latin language. - Eventually 26 to be basis of our alphabet - The Etruscan language not understood today. Other Etruscan influences

18. Republican Form of Government

19. vocabulary • Res publica • Aristocracy • Patricians and Plebians • 2 Consuls • 300 senators • 10 tribunes • Citizen assemblies • Political ladder of success: Assembly of Tribes and Assembly of Centuries -Quaestors- -Aediles- -Praetors- -Censors -Priests Special occasions: -Dictator-

20. The Republic • Once the Etruscans were overthrown, Roman leaders set up a new form of government = “Republic”-where citizens elect their leaders. • There were two classes of citizens, PATRICIANS and PLEBEIANS. • Patricians came from wealthy families. • Patricians formed the bulk of society, craftspeople, peasants, etc.. The Forum, a place where the business of the Republic could be discussed. The laws of the Roman republic, "the Twelve Tables", were displayed in the Forum.

21. Patricians • Patricians = rich landowners – • City house and a country house. • Rich Romans had little furniture/ mainly couches and tables • Banquets • shellfish, hardboiled eggs, olives, smoked fish, sweet wine, several meat courses, desserts, music, dancing • Children of patrician • own bedrooms, toys, personal slaves to help with books, play with, take care of them • Hairstyles – slaves would do them • Slaves sleep on floor or in basements

22. Plebians • Plebians shared apartment-type buildings • No bathrooms- chamber pots emptied on streets. • Rare to have a kitchen- had to buy food: typically bread, soup, porridge. -Very rare to get a meat in their meal. • Little schooling, followed their parent’s careers

23. Government Post Etruscans- Romans organized “Republic” type of government • Assembly of Tribes and Assembly of Centuries vote on issues and laws • Consuls- highest officials -elected by assemblies -2 consuls each year -enforced laws, commanded army during war • Magistrates- all kinds of officials that assist consuls - Assembly of Centuries elect them -Quaestors- census, determine property values,taxes -Aediles- like a mayor, took care of some public buildings -Praetors- like a judge- did the trials -Censors- file names for taxation, conscription, position in Assembly -Dictator- for emergencies could be elected by senate / 6 month term /temporarily take place of the consuls

24. Senate • Most powerful of the government bodies • 300 appointed by the 2 consuls • life terms; originally only patricians, then later included plebians • proposed laws(but did not pass them), • controlled the finances, foreign affairs • Senate was where the real power of Rome lay

25. Roman Law • Very effective law code • laws written down on “12 tablets” • children had to memorize the law • laws changed as empire grew • court records kept throughout empire- became international law

26. American Law and Roman Law • Our laws are largely influenced by Roman Law Examples: 1. All citizens equal under the law 2. person is innocent until proven guilty 3. person has a right to know their accuser 4. person should not be punished for what he/she believes

27. The End of the Republic &The Beginning of the Empire • The people of Rome gradually respected their leaders less and less due to corruption and other factors. • 49 B.C., Julius Caesar, a Roman general, marched his army on Rome, seizing control of the government, and declaring himself dictator for life.

28. Augustine Augustus, or Octavian, brought a time of peace to the Roman Empire, known as the "Pax Romana

29. Constantine The emperor Constantine made Christianity permissible in the Roman Empire c. 313 A.D.

34. Circus Maximus – Where the citizens would go to watch chariot races

35. Colosseum – where the citizens would go to watch gladiators battle

36. Pantheon - a temple dedicated to all of the Roman gods (Jupiter, Juno, Venus, Mars, Mercury, Minerva, Saturn, Neptune, Pluto, etc.)

37. Pantheon –modern day view

39. seven hilltops. Marshy land in between One million people 1,000,000 people Police force-during reign of Augustus – 4,500 police called “urban cohorts” The City of Rome

40. -skinny streets -”Julius Caesar’ wagons” were banned during daylight hours. At night people used carts to resupply shops, do work etc…noise on cobblestones at night was terrible. After Fire of A.D. 64 –Emperor Nero redesigned streets- parallel streets Rome’s traffic problems

41. Some famous places of Rome City is known for many famous structures. Including: • The Circus Maximus • The Coliseum • The Roman Forum • Roman Theaters

42. The Circus Maximus

43. The Circus Maximus • The Circus Maximus was a large chariot track located in the valley between two of Rome's seven hills. The size of the track was 656 feet wide and 1,969 feet long (Lewis 1980, pg 48). It was developed in the sixth century A.D. with stands of wood, and it could hold about 100,000 people. Emperors Titus and Trajan rebuilt it with concrete at the end of the first century. By the fourth century A.D., the stands were expanded to hold up to 350,000 people. • Chariot races were the most commonly held event at the Circus Maximus. It was also the site for large attacks on Christians by wild animals and gladiators. • Four teams, designated by colors, competed in the races. A race consisted of seven laps around the track at very high speeds. Sometimes, as many as twenty races were run in a day. Often a chariot would collide with another or hit the inside wall adding to the excitement. Injury or death to a horse or rider was not uncommon.

44. The Roman Coliseum • The building of the Roman Coliseum (Colosseum) was begun in 72 A.D. by Emperor Vespasian. • The dedication ceremony included the slaughtering of 5,000 animals. That was followed by 100 days of games. • It was named in the Middle Ages The "Colosseum" after a large statue of Nero which used to stand beside it.

45. The Coliseum (“Amphitheater”) • It is 465 feet long, 386 feet wide and 118 feet high. The foundation of cement measures 23 feet thick. • Built on the site of an artificial lake which had to be drained. Some of those drains are still in use today. (If those drains were closed the amphitheater could be flooded for mock sea battles) • Exterior was made up of three tiers of arches. The first set of arches were Doric, the second Ionic, and the third were Corinthian. The amphitheater was equipped with 240 masts. On the masts a large canvas would be attached which could be a cover for all the spectators.

46. The Coliseum •   The seating in the Coliseum was divided by classes. 1.The Imperial court were in the lower tier. 2. Behind them the aristocratic families. 3. The next set of seats were occupied by the commoners. 4. Finally, women, were seated at the very top tier. From most accounts very few women attended the events.

47. It falls into ruins Gladiator fights were outlawed in 438 A.D. and the last animal show was in 523 A.D. Part of the wall of the Coliseum was destroyed by an earthquake. The Coliseum fell into disrepair. It was scavenged for materials for use in St. Peters, Palazzo Venezia, Palazzo Barberini, and Plazzo Farnese. Pope Benedict XIV finally stopped the looting of the arena in 1744 when he made the site a holy site.

48. Interior shots of the Coliseum

50. The main area was made of a removable wooden floor that was covered with dirt for easy cleanup. Some have suggested that the Romans may have removed the floor and flooded the area for mock naval battles. • Under the floor was a set of tunnels and holding places for gladiators and wild animals used for entertainment. Under the floor was a lift system and trapdoors from which people or animals below could enter the arena. • When the Colosseum opened, 100 straight days of games were held. The Colosseum was used for large events. For example, in one day, over 5000 animals were killed. An other day over 1000 gladiators fought in a single afternoon (Lewis 1980, pg 48).