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What are the trade-offs in moving between types of structure? What are the “forces” that govern which is in operation?

How do they emerge? What can each do? What problems does each solve? What problems does each need to solve to maintain itself?. Hierarchy. Recursive structure: groups of groups of groups.. of individuals. Community. voluntary association cooperation, “an interaction space”

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What are the trade-offs in moving between types of structure? What are the “forces” that govern which is in operation?

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  1. How do they emerge? • What can each do? • What problems does each solve? • What problems does each need to solve to maintain itself? Hierarchy Recursive structure: groups of groups of groups.. of individuals Community voluntary association cooperation, “an interaction space” “flat” topology Autonomy Freedom of action of elements Maintains components in particular structural relationships • What are the trade-offs in moving between types of structure? • What are the “forces” that govern which is in operation? • What are the barriers to moving between structures? power relationships Compositional or functional hierarchy Multi-level selection  “higher entities”

  2. Distinguishing properties • Decision rights or power of entities. • Relationships between entities • Intents / utility / goals. • Homogeneity and heterogeneity of entities  allows specialisation • Architecture (flat / network / tree). • Defining scale, scope, level; system and context is important for clarity What are the correlations between these?

  3. Utility Functions: Cui bono? • To address "cui bono" we have to identify all the "entities" that might be candidates for benefit. To qualify as an entity in the first place we propose: • continuity of existence. • ability to act (as an entity). • implicit "interest" against which potential "benefit" could be assessed • ?

  4. Cui bono?

  5. How does specialisation (versus multifunctionality) arise? • Autonomy: niche exploitation. • Communities: comparative advantage in trade and exchange. • Hierarchies: • specialisation for effectiveness from task perspective • efficiency of exploitation of the organisation by power elite

  6. Why do hierarchies emerge? • To permit centralised control. • To manage resources efficiently. • To manage interactions. • To undertake more complex tasks. • To undertake larger scale tasks. • ? Why do communities emerge? • To undertake larger scale tasks. • To enhance individual benefits • ?

  7. Where does a market sit? • Autonomy? • traders acting partly independently. • Community? • traders interacting in a market place (eg. watching pricing, working out what to trade in) • Hierarchy? • governance of market place. • Multiple structures may exist at different scales and perspectives: • Companies (interactions across the hierarchy) • Wolves have a hierarchical social structure but hunt as a community, although the hunt is initiated through the hierarchy.

  8. A interacting with B: Trade Space • What is ‘benefit’? • Enhanced outcome against one’s: • Values • Intents • Strategies • Plans • Tasks • What can change: • Values • Intents • Strategies • Plans • Tasks • Capabilities ends ways means B does all the changing A doesn’t change A does all the changing B doesn’t change A and B Change equally A gets all the benefit B gets no benefit independence exploitation A and B Benefit equally A less ‘mature’? B more competent Equal cooperation B less ‘mature’? A more competent Who Benefits From The changes B gets all the benefit A gets no benefit exploitation independence Who changes

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