Word-building elements

1. Word-building elements free M=free root inf. A prefix morph-eme affix der. A bound M suffix root

2. Word-building elements • Basic statistics • Zeiger: Encyclopedia of English（1979) • Total: 647 (roots, affixes) • Roots: 359 (all from Latin and Greek except 15) • Affixes: 288 (prefixes: 107，suffixes: 181) • 123 from Latin and Greek, 43% • 59 from Anglo-Saxon, 21% 64%

3. 3.1 Affixation • What is affixation? • affixes + bases = new words • the process of making new words by addingaffixes to bases • affixes = prefix + suffix • Characteristics: • Prefixes change meaning • Suffixes change part of speech

4. Prefixation • Definition: • prefix + base = new word • Process of making new words by addingprefixes to bases • Classification: • Prefixes are classified according to meaning.

5. Prefixation • Classes of prefixes: 9 • 1.Negative prefixes:5 • a-, dis- in-(il-,ir-,im-), non-, un- = • 无,非,不,没 • amoral≠immoral • inability≠ disability • disinterested (公正无私)≠ uninterested • illogical but disloyal

6. Prefixation • 2.Reversative prefixes: 3 • de-, dis-, un- = reverse the action • disunite • unwrap • decentralize

7. Prefixation • 3. Pejorative prefixes:3 • mal-, mis-, pseudo- = bad, badly, wrong • maltreatment 虐待 • misuse • pseudo-science

8. Prefixation • 4. Prefixes of degree or size: 15 • arch-, hyper-, ultra-: (unusual) • Pair of synonym • extra-, super-: extra-large, superman • mini-, micro: mini-cinema, microscope • out-, sur-: outlive, surpass

9. Prefixation • 4. Prefixes of degree or size: 15 • arch-, hyper-, ultra-: (unusual) • Pair of antonyms • macro-, micro-: macrocosm, microcosm • under-, over-: underestimate, overestimate • super-, sub-: superstructure,sub-culture

10. Prefixation • 5. Prefixes of orientation and attitude:4 • anti-, contra-, counter-, pro- • anti-: anti-violence • counter-: counter-violence • contra-:contra-flow • pro-: pro-democratic

11. Prefixation • 6. Locative prefixes: 6 • extra-, fore-, inter-, intra-, tele-, trans- • extra- = outside: extra-curriculum • fore- = front: forehead • inter- = between: • intra- = within: intra-linguistic • tele- = far • trans- = over, across: trans-Atlantic

12. Prefixation • 7.Prefixes of time and order: 4 • ex- (former) • post- (after) • pre- (before) • re- (again) • pre-, post-: pre-war, post-war (adj) • ex-: ex-president • re-: reorganize

13. Prefixation • 8. Number prefixes: 8 • uni-(mono-): unicycle • bi- : bicycle • tri- : tricycle • semi-(hemi-): hemisphere • multi-(poly-) : multi-national

14. Prefixation • 9.Miscellaneous prefixes: 4 • auto-: auto-biography • neo-: neo-classicism • pan-: pan-African • vice-: vice-chair

15. Prefixation • Highly productive prefixes: 4 • de-: negate, reverse, remove • depenalize, defocus, depoliticize • defrost, defog, defeather, depost, • deschool (abolish traditional schools) • devalue (lessen the value of), • deplane, detrain (get off)

16. Prefixation • non-: (to nouns, adjectives, adverbs) • not, not important, of little value, not traditional • non-scientific, non-musician, non-additive • non-book, non-novel • non-friend, non-hero

17. Prefixation • anti-: • 1. against, preventing • anti-crime, anti-fat, anti-noise • 2. against traditional characteristics • anti-art, anti-music, anti-novelist, anti- theatre

18. Prefixation • Example: • In my happier nightmare," he adds, "I see myself attending an anti-play with an anti-audience after a dinner prepared by an anti-cook."

19. Prefixation • mini-: very small • mini-crisis mini-war • mini-election mini-boom • mini-lecture mini-bikini • mini-by-pass minibus

20. Suffixation • Definition: • suffix + base = new word • Process of making new words by addingsuffixes to basis • Characteristics of suffix: • Changing part of speech • Classification according to part of speech

21. Suffixation • 1. Noun suffixes • 1) De-nominal nouns = changing nouns into new nouns • -eer, -ster, -er, -ess, -ette, -let, • profiteer, gangster, trickster • teenager, hostess, • cigarette, booklet, • concrete nouns

22. Suffixation • -age, -dom, -ery (-ry), -ful, -hood, -ing, -ism, -ship • wastage, officialdom, slavery, mouthful, adulthood, farming, terrorism, sportsmanship • He is working. working people • farming • abstract nouns

23. Suffixation • 2) Deverbal nouns = changing verbs into N • Concrete: -ant, -ee, -ent, -er(-or) • informant, trainee, respondent • Abstract: -age, -al, -ance, -ation (-ition, -tion, -sion, -ion), -ence, -ing, -ment • marriage, dismissal, attendance, protection, decision, existence, tubing, judgement

24. Suffixation • 3) De-adjective nouns: -ity, -ness • - ive:produc`tivity, sensitivity • -ar:popu`larity, familiarity • - al:mo`rality, generality • - able/-ible:ability, responsi`bility

25. Suffixation • 4) Noun and adjective suffixes = making new nouns and adjectives • -ese, -an, -ist, • Chinese; Australian, socialist

26. Suffixation • 2 Adjective suffixes • 1) De-nominal suffixes= changing N into adj • -ed, -ful, -ish, -less, -like, -ly, -y • simple-minded, successful, childish, priceless • -ly: (to) father, mother, brother, sister, daughter, man, woman • -y: (to) cream, rain, sun, wind, winter, sand, hill, hair, water

27. Suffixation • -al (-ial, -ical): cultural, philosophical • -ic • -ous (-eous, -ious): famous, courageous • -esque: picturesque

28. Suffixation • -ic -ical • classic 经典的classical 古典的 • comic 喜剧性的comical 滑稽的 • historic 历史性的historical 历史上的 • economic 经济上的economical 节俭的 • electric 电动的electrical与电有关

29. Suffixation • 2) De-verbal suffixes (added to verbs): • -ive (-ative, -sive) • active, decisive • -able (-ible, -uble)

30. Suffixation

31. Suffixation • 3. Adverb suffixes • -ly, -ward(s), -wise • - ward(s): (to) • in, out, up, down, back, fore, side, sky, earth, east, west, north, south • - wise: (to)(as far as …is concerned) • budget, time, money, security, economy, life, weather

32. Suffixation • 4. Verb suffixes • -ate, -en, -(i)fy, -ize(-ise) • originate, darken, strengthen, solidify, beautify, modernize, symbolize

33. Suffixation • Vogue suffixes: 3 • -nik = a person who becomes a member of; devoted to • folknik, peacenik, jazznik, protestnik, city-nik, good-willnik

34. Suffixation • -ese= style of; the characteristics of • Afro-Americanese非裔美语 • Americanese美国英语 • cablese电报用语 • childrenese儿童语言 • computerese电脑语言 • educationese教育行话 • golfese高尔夫球用语

35. Suffixation • guide-bookese指南文体 • headlinese标题风格 • jargonese行业用语 • journalese新闻体 • newspaperese报刊文体 • New Yorkese纽约风格 • novelese小说体

36. Suffixation • officialese官方文体 • sociologese社会学术语 • telegraphese电报文体 • Washingtonese华盛顿特色 • officialese官方文体 • sociologese社会学术语 • telegraphese电报文体

37. Suffixation • Washingtonese华盛顿特色 • Carlylese卡莱尔风格 • Johnsonese约翰逊风格 • Macaulayese麦考莱风格 • Meredithese麦芮狄士风格 • Nabokovese纳波科夫风格 • Ruskinese拉斯金风格

38. Suffixation • -ee: (to) transitive verbs to make a noun which is the receiver of the action • appointee, employee • BUT • flirtee, kickee, kissee, laughee, huggee, meetee, shavee, toastee, consultee, visitee, slanderee, rushee, curee • absentee