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Typologies of Violence

Typologies of Violence. 1. Violence between states = war. Violence and Modernity: War. 1. Modernising war 2. Large-scale state violence within its own borders = terror 3. Mass violence in absence of overall state control = civil war (‘people’s war’; revolutionary war)

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Typologies of Violence

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  1. Typologies of Violence • 1. Violence between states = war

  2. Violence and Modernity: War 1. Modernising war 2. Large-scale state violence within its own borders = terror 3. Mass violence in absence of overall state control = civil war (‘people’s war’; revolutionary war) 4. Violence of minorities aiming to overthrow the state = terrorism 5. Low-level repressive state violence = civil violence NB Weber’s definition of the state as the body holding a monopoly of organised violence

  3. The problem to be considered • Enlightenment expectations were that reason and science would succeed in building a harmonious, non-violent society • Voltaire Essay on War • Later in 19th C Socialists like the Duc de St. Simon – trade and communications (railways) would so integrate the world that conflict would be impossible • Also Marx and the ideal state of Communism

  4. The terrible reckoning of violence French revolutionary terror – 40,000 deaths Napoleonic wars – 1.8 million French and allies (inc 600,000 civilians) 1.5 million allied forces (Britain, Russia, Austria, Spain, Italy, Prussia Total – 3.3 million

  5. Deaths by category (France and allies) • 371,000 killed in action • 800,000 killed by disease, primarily in the disastrous invasion of Russia • 600,000 civilians • 65,000 French allies (mainly Poles fighting for independence lost in 1795) • Total: 1,800,000 French and allies (mostly Germans and Poles) dead in action, disease and missing

  6. War deaths • Crimean War (1854-6) c. 600,000 • American Civil War (1861-5) 750,000 (620,000 trad) • World War 1 (1914- 18) - 9m to 15m (6m ‘missing’)(6m civilians) • Russian Civil War (1918-22) 10m • Spanish Civil War (1936-9) – c. 500,000 • World War 2 (1939-45) - 60-70m dead (inc 27m USSR; 0.25m USA; 0.5m Britain)

  7. Deaths in recent wars • Vietnam (1955-75): The South c 1m dead (inc 58,000 US troops); The North 600,000 military – total of 2m – 4m for war • Gulf War 1 Kuwait (1990-1) 190 coalition troops killed in action (189 died in accidents and ‘friendly fire’); 25,000 Iraqi civilians and soldiers • Gulf War 2 – Iraq (March-May 2003) 172 coalition troops killed c.200,000 involved – 30,000 Iraqi troops and civilians killed) • Afghan Wars – 1979-8 (15,000 Soviet military: 75,000 plus Mujaheddin; maybe ) 0.6 to 1.0m civilians - 2001- ?? (3,162 coalition dead; 15,000 civilians; Taliban – unknown)

  8. Why have wars expanded? • 1. Technology – weapons derived from industry An army ‘marches on its stomache’ – Napoleon • 2. Logistics – organisation • 3. Soldiers – recruitment, conscription • 4. Money = ever-larger tax revenues • 2 + 3 + 4 = modern state – prerequisite for mass warfare (+ ideology esp. Nationalism)

  9. Military revolution - technology • 1750 – muskets (accuracy 100/150 yards; 5 rounds per minute) - Cannon – shot and some crude shells = wars of mobility (cavalry) and close quarters fighting - bayonets, swords, daggers

  10. Musket 18th.c; Indian Cannon 1799

  11. Military revolution - technology Begins to change in early 19th C • C 1850 – rifle (rifling in barrel) increases accuracy to 500 yards. Bullet magazines and rapid re-loading increase frequency of firing. 1870 true rifle. • 1862 Gatling gun – hand-cranked machine gun; Maxim gun – automatic – 100s of rounds per minute

  12. Military revolution - technology • Second half of nineteenth century • Dynamite and high explosive (chemical industry) • Internal combustion engine • railways • Steel - e.g. armour plating of ships Leads to - dreadnoughts at sea long range artillery (20 miles by WW1) high-explosive shell. Obliterate anything exposed so Warfare becomes defensive – trenches (American CW and Russo-Japanese War as prototypes of First World War) (mortars 100-300 yds define distance of trenches)

  13. Schlieffen Plan

  14. Russian Attack on East Prussia

  15. The Western Front

  16. Battle of the Somme 1916

  17. Thiepval

  18. Military revolution - technology • From WW1 to WW2 • Aircraft – airships (derived from hot-air balloons) – failure cf gas - biplanes/triplanes – spotting; bombing; dogfights (NB first flight – 17 Dec 1903 – 120 ft; 12 seconds (7 mph) alt 10 ft.) • Tanks (diesel engines)– to break through trenches

  19. Blitzkrieg (lightning war) • = blitzkrieg – massive concentration of power at a small point – punch hole in defence – pour through using mobile infantry, spread out and attack from behind

  20. Blitzkrieg – Volkhov Jan 1942

  21. Mass bombing Guernica 1937 c. 1000; Coventry 1940 c. 1000 in two raids; Dresden (Feb 1945) c. 25,000; Tokyo (1945) 75,000 + Nuclear bombs - Hiroshima and Nagasaki (Aug 1945) 100,00 each

  22. Guernica 1937

  23. Broadgate, Coventry 16 November 1940

  24. Dresden Feb 1945

  25. Nuclear WeaponsHiroshima Nagasaki

  26. Hiroshima August 1945

  27. Genbaku – A bomb Dome Hiroshima 1945

  28. Hiroshima 2006 – Ground Zero

  29. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1cIjTodmfk0Slide 49 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscreen&v=slaNADrdPMA&NR=1 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TKtCVblxDRc&feature=endscreen&NR=1 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=msHJLwYWX30 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=20JCGDwBt7A

  30. Military revolution - technology 1945 a kind of apogee – military development bifurcates: 1. The hi-tech path continues producing weapons that, in many cases, can scarcely be used • World War 2 and beyond • Rockets – Katiushas; V1; V2 – missiles – ICBMs - mirv • Jet engines • Computers and communications (12 signals exchanged at Trafalgar: 50,000 per hour in Gulf War 1) • Cruise missiles; Drones

  31. 2. ‘Asymmetric warfare’- ‘People’s War’ • Up to 1945 – size matters – the wealthiest and best equipped win. But ‘conventional’ war is increasingly challenged • Post-1945 in anti-colonial and anti-imperialist wars small forces have sometimes prevailed over or counter-balanced the most advanced equipment • Guerilla and Revolutionary wars (‘People’s Wars) – China; Cuba; Latin America; Kenya; Malaya • Vietnam war – ‘bicycles versus B-52 bombers’ • Current wars in Middle East

  32. NB – other components of military revolution • 2. Logistics – organisation • 3. Soldiers – recruitment, conscription • 4. Money = ever-larger tax revenues • 2 + 3 + 4 = modern state – prerequisite for mass warfare (+ ideology esp. Nationalism)

  33. Logistics and organisation In a modern army only around ten percent are frontline troops – the rest organise, plan, maintain, transport etc. Requires a major bureaucracy to sustain it with endless skills, technical, practical and managerial

  34. Recruitment In 18th c – volunteers, mercenaries, press-gangs Napoleon institutes first nationwide conscription – Levee en masse - originates in 1793 with CPS as a mass call to arms and defence (embryonic total war – men called to fight, women to work in factories – linked to emergence of citizenship) - institutionalised from 1797 on

  35. Rise of Modern Nation State

  36. United States Federal, State and Local Government Spending Fiscal Year 1845 • GDP: $1,842.0 million(1) • Amounts in $ million • Fed Gov. Xfer State Local Total • Pensions 0 0 0 0 0 • Health Care 0 0 0 0 0 • Education 0 0 0 0 0 • Defense 14.4 a 0 0 0 14.4 a • Welfare 0 0 0 0 0 • Protection 0 0 0 0 0 • Transportation 0 0 0 0 0 • General Government 0 0 0 0 0 • Other Spending 11.8 a 0 0 0 11.8 a • Interest 1 a 0 0 0 1 a • Balance 0 a 0 0 0 0 a • Total Spending 27.3 a 0 0 0 27.3 a • Federal Deficit -7 a 0 0 0 -7 a • Gross Public Debt 15.9 a 0 0 0 15.9 a • Legend: • a - actual reported • source: usgovernmentspending.com

  37. United States Federal, State and Local Government Spending Fiscal Year 1900 GDP: $20,567.0 million(1) Amounts in $ million Fed Gov. Xfer State Local Total Pensions 0 0 0 0 0 Health Care 0 0 0 0 0 Education 0 0 0 0 0 Defense 331.6 a 0 0 0 331.6 a Welfare 0 0 0 0 0 Protection 0 0 0 0 0 Transportation 0 0 0 0 0 General Government 0 0 0 0 0 Other Spending 256.8 a 0 0 0 256.8 a Interest 40.2 a 0 0 0 40.2 a Balance 0 a 0 0 0 0 a Total Spending 628.6 a 0 0 0 628.6 a Federal Deficit -41 a 0 0 0 -41 a Gross Public Debt 2,137.00 a 0 0 0 2,137.00 a Legend: • a - actual reported • source: usgovernmentspending.com

  38. United States Federal, State and Local Government Spending Fiscal Year 1930 • GDP: $91,200.0 million(1) • Amounts in $ million • Fed Gov. Xfer State Local Total • Pensions 21.2 i 0 15 i 48 i 84.2 i • Health Care 103.4 i 0 196 i 217 i 516.4 i • Education 22.4 i -11.2 i 243 i 2,027.00 i 2,281.20 i • Defense 1,465.30 i 0 0 0 1,465.30 i • Welfare 3.5 i -1 i 108 i 229 i 339.5 i • Protection 26 i 0 88 i 534 i 648 i • Transportation 372.9 i -136.9 i 692 i 1,108.00 i 2,036.10 i • General Government 123.9 i 0 106 i 339 i 568.9 i • Other Spending 899 i -28.4 i 223 i 1,284.00 i 2,377.60 i • Interest 648.9 i 0 100 i 573 i 1,321.90 i • Balance 269.6 i 0 i 3 i 10 i 282.6 i • Total Spending 3,956.10 i -177.4 i 1,774.00 i 6,369.00 i 11,921.70 i • Federal Deficit -874.1 i 0 0 0 -874.1 i • Gross Public Debt 16,185.30 a 0 2,450.00 i 14,888.00 i 33,523.30 i

  39. United States Federal, State and Local Government Spending Fiscal Year 1950 • GDP: $293,700.0 million(1) • Amounts in $ million • Fed Gov. Xfer State Local Total • Pensions 994 a 0 163 a 198 a 1,355.00 a • Health Care 963 a 0 947 a 801 a 2,711.00 a • Education 2,839.00 a -369 a 1,358.00 a 5,819.00 a 9,647.00 a • Defense 24,239.00 a 0 0 0 24,239.00 a • Welfare 1,622.00 a -1,346.00 a 3,583.00 a 1,830.00 a 5,689.00 a • Protection 88 a 0 283 a 1,285.00 i 1,656.00 i • Transportation 1,122.00 a -429 a 2,058.00 a 2,315.00 a 5,066.00 a • General Government 514 a 0 317 a 724 a 1,555.00 a • Other Spending 6,605.00 a -227 a 2,099.00 a 3,720.00 a 12,197.00 a • Interest 4,404.00 a 0 109 a 349 a 4,862.00 a • Balance 1,410.00 a 0 a -53 a 0 a 1,357.00 a • Total Spending 44,800.00 a -2,371.00 a 10,864.00 a 17,041.00 a 70,334.00 a • Federal Deficit 1,273.00 a 0 0 0 1,273.00 a • Gross Public Debt 256,853.00 a 0 5,285.00 a 18,830.00 a 280,968.00 a • Legend: • a - actual reported • i - interpolated between actual reported values • source: usgovernmentspending.com

  40. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1cIjTodmfk0Slide 49 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscreen&v=slaNADrdPMA&NR=1 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TKtCVblxDRc&feature=endscreen&NR=1 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=msHJLwYWX30 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=20JCGDwBt7A

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