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Forging the National Economy: 1790-1860

Forging the National Economy: 1790-1860. AP US HISTORY Mr. Long. The Westward Movement. Andrew Jackson’s rise to presidency exemplified Americas westward march (he is from the west) The western frontier was the most American part of America (unique and untamed)

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Forging the National Economy: 1790-1860

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  1. Forging the National Economy: 1790-1860 AP US HISTORY Mr. Long

  2. The Westward Movement • Andrew Jackson’s rise to presidency exemplified Americas westward march (he is from the west) • The western frontier was the most American part of America (unique and untamed) • “Europe stretches to the Alleghenies; America lies beyond.” Ralph Waldo Emerson

  3. The Westward Movement Cont’d • Demographics • People are young • By 1850 ½ population is under 30yrs They are restless and energetic = focused on West. WHY? OPPORTUNITY

  4. Shaping Western Landscape • Western movement molded physical environment • Land Exhaustion • Tobacco = barren/rain gutted fields • Kentucky bluegrass • Animals • Beaver and Bison are hunted to near extinction. • Ecological Imperialism

  5. Shaping Western Landscape Cont’d • Nature has breed a spirit of nationalism and reverence • America is very unique • Inspired poets, writers and painters • George Catlin (painter/student of Native American Life) proposed national parks

  6. March of the Millions • As westward expansion occurred population • Population 2x every 25yrs • 33 states by 1860 • Urban growth boomed • In 1790 two cities had population of 25,000 • 1860 there are 43

  7. March of the Millions • Negatives of over-rapid urbanization • slums • bad street lighting (crime) • inadequate policing (crime) • impure water • foul sewage • rats • bad garbage disposal (hogs still roamed streets until 1840’s)

  8. Immigration • Why Did they come? • Europe was running out of room • Land of Freedom (from aristocrats) and opportunity • Cheap land • Faster/easier transportation (trans-Atlantic ships) (Fast/Cheap) • 10-12 days instead of 10-12 weeks

  9. Immigration Cont’d • 5. Potato Famine (Irish) mid 1840’s “black forties” • Irish are poor = urban • Disliked b/c they took jobs and drove down wages • Worked low skill jobs • Were involved in Politics (Tammany Hall) • Made up large amounts of the police force

  10. Immigration Cont’d • 6. Collapse of Democratic Revolutions (Germany) • Well educated (compared to Americans) • Had money • Brought much to America • Christmas tree • Conestoga Wagon • Kentucky Rifle

  11. Flare-Ups of Anti-Foreignism • The invasion of immigrants brought FEAR to America. • They feared they would be • Outbreed • Outvoted • Overwhelmed

  12. Flare-Ups of Anti-Foreignism • Biggest issues in the minds of Americans • Immigrants took Jobs • Mass Violence • Violence not as frequent because economy was good. • Americans need manpower/brainpower of immigrants. • They were Roman Catholic • Still considered a foreign religion

  13. Flare-Ups of Anti-Foreignism • Know Nothing Party-party of nativists who wanted rigid restrictions on immigration and naturalization. • Where have we seen this in the past? • Alien and Sedition Acts (Anti-France)

  14. Review Warm-up • The Westward movement was marked by which president? Why? • What was pioneer life like according to the text?

  15. Creeping Mechanization • Industrial Revolution hit Britain in 1750 when a series of machines were made to mass produce textiles. (10,000x human power). • The Factory System gradually spread. • Industrial Revolution-refers to a change from hand and home production to machine and factory. • In the US from 1807-1870

  16. Creeping Mechanization Cont’d • Why was America, perfect to become industrial giant, so slow to embrace it? • Cheap Land • Scarce labor for factories until immigration. • No investors in pioneer America • Couldn’t produce cheaply enough to compete • British kept textile machinery a secret.

  17. Whitney Ends the Fiber Famine • Samuel Slater “Father of the Factory System” • Brought secret textile machinery plans from England. • Backed by a wealthy RI Quaker (capital) • Created an efficient machine to spin cotton thread. • Now we had machinery but where was the cotton? • Still slowly picked by hand in South

  18. Whitney Ends the Fiber Famine • Eli Whitney • Cotton gin (1807)- efficient way to harvest cotton (50x more effective then hand separating) • Cotton now becomes very profitable • Provided up to 80% to the crucial British market. • Strengthens the South’s need for Slaves • Slaves are sill needed to pick the cotton from fields.

  19. Encyclopedia.com History.com

  20. Whitney Ends the Fiber Famine • Factories • Stayed mainly in the Northeast near seaports. • WHY? • Bad soil • Dense population (Labor) • Capital from shipping industry • Seaports made it easy to import raw materials • Rivers provided water power for machines. • South is still tied to profitable agriculture

  21. Marvels in Manufacturing • American manufacturing spread slowly until 1807. • Forced to due to embargos, War of 1812, etc. • What happened after the War of 1812 which helped bolster American Industry? • Henry Clay’s “American System”

  22. Marvels in Manufacturing • Factories began to flourish in US as other industries in addition to textiles were embraced. • Eli Whitney began to mass produce rifles for the US army • Interchangeable parts made them easy to fix • IMPORTANCE: This became the basis for the modern day assembly line.

  23. Civil War Implications • IRONIC: Eli Whitney gave slavery a revival in South w/ cotton gin but also helped factories flourish in North w/ the idea of interchangeable parts. • North will have huge advantage over South (Civil War)

  24. Marvels in Manufacturing • Other Machines of note • Sewing machine (Elias Howe 1846, Isaac Singer perfected it) • Telegraph (Samuel F.B. Morse) W6mtc.org

  25. Workers and “Wage Slaves” • So what were factories like for workers? • Up to this point labor had been done in the home or small shop. • In factory systems the profits were not spread evenly. • This widens the gap between poor and wealthy

  26. Workers and “Wage Slaves”

  27. Women and the Economy • Factories took the jobs that women would have done in the home. • EX: spinning yarn, weaving cloth, candles, soap, butter, etc. • Factories relied heavily on women and child labor early on.

  28. Women and the Economy • Self-sufficient jobs for women • Nursing • Domestic service • Teaching

  29. Women and the Economy • Cult of domesticity- The idea that women would leave their paying jobs when they got married to do their duty as wives and mothers. • The traditional role of the women is glorified during this period. • The home becomes an area of relaxation for men who worked in factories and the women facilitated this.

  30. Women and the Economy • Change in Women’s roles from the Industrial Revolution • Marriage based more on love • This meant more close knit affectionate families • Smaller families • Result: more child-centered families • Raised more independent minded individuals.

  31. Western farmers reap revolution in fields • As the East (North) was being changed by industry, farming in the west was also changing. • Western farmers first planted corn to feed hogs or make liquor. • easier to transport then grain • The only place they could transport was by way of the Ohio-Mississippi Rivers.

  32. Western farmers reap revolution in fields • Inventions that helped the West • Steel plows (John Deere 1837) • McCormick Reaper (1830’s Cyrus McCormick) • Changed the culture • Grain could be harvested 5x faster now = now a humble plowman could become wealthy. • This will increase the desire for land!

  33. Western farmers reap revolution in fields • West could now be large scale food production for the domestic and foreign markets. • PROBLEM: Landlocked • They could move goods North and South but not East very easily. • SOLUTION: New Modes of Transportation • Railroads, Steamships, Highways, etc.

  34. Transportation • Cheap/Efficient carriers are need to take raw materials WE, and finished products from EW. • Lancaster Turnpike in PA(1790’s, built by private company) • tolls (paid high dividends to stockholders, 15%) • Cumberland Road (1811) • Federally funded national road • Went from Cumberland Md. To St. Louis Missouri (Mississippi River) 591 miles.

  35. Transportation • Steamboat (Robert Fulton 1807) “Fulton’s Folly” • Made rivers two-way traveling arteries to transport goods. • Makes the Mississippi really relevant. • Played a vital role in opening both the West and South because both had great rivers.

  36. Transportation • Erie Canal (1825) • Linked Great Lakes w/ Hudson River • Midwest to NYC • Decreased shipping costs • Created economic booms • Opened Eastern cities to Midwest farm products.

  37. Transportation • Railroads (1828 first lines) • Fast • Reliable • Cheaper to construct then canals • Defied terrain and weather • ¾ of track in North (industry) • Huge advantage to the North during Civil War

  38. Railroads in 1870

  39. Transport Web binds Union • Desire of East to tap the West stimulated this transportation revolution • Until 1830 goods from the West went South • Mississippi River bound these two areas together. • Impressive internal improvements would offset this “natural” flow of trade and help bind East & West together. • Steamships, Railroads, Highways, Canals, etc.

  40. Transport Web binds Union • By the eve of the Civil War a truly continental economy had emerged. SELF-SUFFICIENT • Each region specialized in a specific economic activity • South: raised cotton for export to NE/Britain • West: grew grain and livestock to feed factory workers in East/Europe • East: Made machines/textiles for West and South • TRUE “AMERICAN SYSTEM”

  41. Transport Web binds Union • States are now economically woven together = political/military implications during Civil War • South believes the West is tied to them, “natural” connection. • PROBLEM: They overlook the man made connections which link West to the East. • South would not only have to fight Northern armies but also a tight economic bound (West and East)

  42. The Market Revolution • Market Revolution- transformed small scattered subsistence farmers into a national network of industry and commerce. • ALMOST DONE

  43. The Market Revolution • Advances in manufacturing and transportation brought increased prosperity to all Americans. • Also widened the gap between poor and wealthy • Cities had biggest extremes of economic inequality • Poor factory workers and wealthy owners • “Social Mobility” was fairly scarce • But there was more OPPORTUNITY in America then in the Old World.

  44. The Market Revolution • General prosperity helped defuse potential class conflict which happened in European countries during Industrial Revolutions THE END

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