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Trench Rescue I

Trench Rescue I. presented by the… Office of the State Fire Marshall of Illinois. Course Content. Introduction Trench Rescue Hazards OSHA Regulations Protective Systems Shoring System Design Rescue Shoring Trench Rescue Operations. Course Content. Introduction Trench Rescue Hazards

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Trench Rescue I

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  1. Trench Rescue I presented by the… Office of the State Fire Marshall of Illinois

  2. Course Content • Introduction • Trench Rescue Hazards • OSHA Regulations • Protective Systems • Shoring System Design • Rescue Shoring • Trench Rescue Operations

  3. Course Content • Introduction • Trench Rescue Hazards • OSHA Regulations • Protective Systems • Shoring System Design • Rescue Shoring • Trench Rescue Operations

  4. Introduction • OSFM technical rescue certifications • Definition of a trench • Trenching operations • Trench accidents and statistics

  5. Introduction • OSFM technical rescue certifications • Definition of a trench • Trenching operations • Trench accidents and statistics

  6. OSFM Technical Rescue Specialist Certifications

  7. Introduction • OSFM technical rescue certifications • Definition of a trench • Trenching operations • Trench accidents and statistics

  8. Introduction • OSFM technical rescue certifications • Definition of a trench • Trenching operations • Trench accidents and statistics

  9. Definition of a trench OSHA defines a trench as an excavation which is deeper and longer than it is wide and is less than 15 feet wide at the bottom.

  10. Introduction • OSFM technical rescue certifications • Definition of a trench • Trenching operations • Trench accidents and statistics

  11. Introduction • OSFM technical rescue certifications • Definition of a trench • Trenching operations • Trench accidents and statistics

  12. Trenching operations • OSHA protection requirements are often ignored • Contractors are often family businesses

  13. Trenching operations • OSHA protection requirements are often ignored • Contractors are often family businesses

  14. Trenching operations • OSHA protection requirements are often ignored • Ignorance/complacency of risks • Economic factors • Contractors are often family businesses

  15. Trenching operations • OSHA protection requirements are often ignored • Ignorance/complacency of risks • Inexperienced contractor • Experienced contractor with no history of problems • Complaints of inconvenience from workers • Economic factors • Contractors are often family businesses

  16. Trenching operations • OSHA protection requirements are often ignored • Ignorance/complacency of risks • Inexperienced contractor • Experienced contractor with no history of problems • Complaints of inconvenience from workers • Economic factors • Contractors are often family businesses

  17. Trenching operations • OSHA protection requirements are often ignored • Ignorance/complacency of risks • Inexperienced contractor • Experienced contractor with no history of problems • Complaints of inconvenience from workers • Economic factors • Cost of equipment • Labor cost to install equipment • Elimination of protection equipment to be awarded low bid • Contractors are often family businesses

  18. Trenching operations • OSHA protection requirements are often ignored • Ignorance/complacency of risks • Inexperienced contractor • Experienced contractor with no history of problems • Complaints of inconvenience from workers • Economic factors • Cost of equipment • Labor cost to install equipment • Elimination of protection equipment to be awarded low bid • Contractors are often family businesses

  19. Trenching operations • OSHA protection requirements are often ignored • Ignorance/complacency of risks • Inexperienced contractor • Experienced contractor with no history of problems • Complaints of inconvenience from workers • Economic factors • Cost of equipment • Labor cost to install equipment • Elimination of protection equipment to be awarded low bid • Contractors are often family businesses • Results in extremely emotional rescue scenes

  20. Introduction • OSFM technical rescue certifications • Definition of a trench • Trenching operations • Trench accidents and statistics

  21. Introduction • OSFM technical rescue certifications • Definition of a trench • Trenching operations • Trench accidents and statistics

  22. Trench accidents and statistics • Trenching operations take place on a daily basis in almost all jurisdictions • Over 100 workers are killed annually in trench accidents • As much as 65% of those killed in trench collapses are rescuers

  23. Introduction • OSFM technical rescue certifications • Definition of a trench • Trenching operations • Trench accidents and statistics

  24. Course Content • Introduction • Trench Rescue Hazards • OSHA Regulations • Protective Systems • Shoring System Design • Rescue Shoring • Trench Rescue Operations

  25. Course Content • Introduction • Trench Rescue Hazards • OSHA Regulations • Protective Systems • Shoring System Design • Rescue Shoring • Trench Rescue Operations

  26. Trench Rescue Hazards • Trenches don’t appear dangerous • Understanding the hazards requires training • By-standers, co-workers, and even fire officers will not understand the inaction of trained rescuers until the trench is properly protected • Hazards are not obvious

  27. Trench Rescue Hazards • Secondary collapse • Hazards are not obvious • Depends upon the type of collapse • Responsible for most deaths in trench collapses • Usually occurs just in time to trap a would-be rescuer

  28. Types of collapses Slough-in Sidewall-in Shear-in Spoil-in

  29. How rescuers become victims

  30. Trench Rescue Hazards • Secondary collapse • The weight of dirt • Hazards are not obvious • 90-145 lbs per cubic foot • Averages 100 lbs per cubic foot • Average collapse is 1.5 cubic yards (about 4000 lbs) • A victim under 2 feet of soil will be under about 3000 lbs of soil, approximately 1000 lbs of which will be on his chest

  31. Trench Rescue Hazards • Secondary collapse • The weight of dirt • Hazards are not obvious • The speed that dirt can move • Trenches will often collapse within 1/10th of a second • There is often little or no warning of collapse • Spalling of soil or widening fissures are signs of eminent collapse • Escape is unlikely during a collapse • Victims are often “frozen” in place

  32. Trench Rescue Hazards • Secondary collapse • The weight of dirt • Hazards are not obvious • The speed that dirt can move • Rescues are usually long-term operations • Trench rescues will often require in excess of 4-6 hours • The trench will become more unstable with time

  33. Trench Rescue Hazards • Secondary collapse • The weight of dirt • Hazards are not obvious • The speed that dirt can move • Rescues are usually long-term operations • Backhoes are not safe for victim rescue • The operator is likely to inflict serious or fatal injury to the victim • The weight and vibration from the backhoe is likely to accelerate the occurance of a fatal secondary collapse • Backhoes are an acceptable device for recovery operations

  34. Trench Rescue Hazards • Secondary collapse • The weight of dirt • Hazards are not obvious • The speed that dirt can move • Rescues are usually long-term operations • Backhoes are not safe for victim rescue • Trenches exceed OSHA limits • OSHA provides quidelines for trenches up to 15 feet wide and 20 feet deep. Custom engineering is required beyond those limits • A contractor who did not provide proper protection for his employees is likely to not understand the limits

  35. Trench Rescue Hazards • Secondary collapse • The weight of dirt • Hazards are not obvious • The speed that dirt can move • Rescues are usually long-term operations • Backhoes are not safe for victim rescue • Trenches exceed OSHA limits • Buried utilities • Many more injuries and deaths in trenches are caused by contact with buried utilities than are from collapse • Rescuers are not immune to this danger

  36. Trench Rescue Hazards • Secondary collapse • The weight of dirt • Hazards are not obvious • The speed that dirt can move • Rescues are usually long-term operations • Backhoes are not safe for victim rescue • Trenches exceed OSHA limits • Buried utilities • Impact or entrapment from falling objects • This is the leading cause of death and injury in trenches • Rescuers must control this hazard prior to entry

  37. Trench Rescue Hazards • Secondary collapse • The weight of dirt • Hazards are not obvious • The speed that dirt can move • Rescues are usually long-term operations • Backhoes are not safe for victim rescue • Trenches exceed OSHA limits • Buried utilities • Impact or entrapment from falling objects • Uncollapsed unprotected trenches still dangerous • Rescuers must be wary of apparently simple rescues from uncollapsed trenches

  38. Trench Rescue Hazards • Secondary collapse • The weight of dirt • Hazards are not obvious • The speed that dirt can move • Rescues are usually long-term operations • Backhoes are not safe for victim rescue • Trenches exceed OSHA limits • Buried utilities • Impact or entrapment from falling objects • Uncollapsed unprotected trenches still dangerous • Inadequate equipment for shoring • Untrained rescuers may be lulled into false security by using inadequate shoring materials such as backboards • Shoring systems require extremely strong materials

  39. Trench Rescue Hazards • Secondary collapse • The weight of dirt • Hazards are not obvious • The speed that dirt can move • Rescues are usually long-term operations • Backhoes are not safe for victim rescue • Trenches exceed OSHA limits • Buried utilities • Impact or entrapment from falling objects • Uncollapsed unprotected trenches still dangerous • Inadequate equipment for shoring • Possible legal liabilities for fire officers • Fire officers may face both criminal and civil charges for injuries to their personnel resulting from ignoring OSHA regulations

  40. Trench Rescue Hazards • Hazards are not obvious • Secondary collapse • The weight of dirt • The speed that dirt can move • Rescues are usually long-term operations • Backhoes are not safe for victim rescue • Trenches exceed OSHA limits • Buried utilities • Impact or entrapment from falling equipment • Uncollapsed unprotected trenches still dangerous • Inadequate equipment for shoring • Possible legal liabilities for fire officers

  41. Course Content • Introduction • Trench Rescue Hazards • OSHA Regulations • Protective Systems • Shoring System Design • Rescue Shoring • Trench Rescue Operations

  42. Course Content • Introduction • Trench Rescue Hazards • OSHA Regulations • Protective Systems • Shoring System Design • Rescue Shoring • Trench Rescue Operations

  43. OSHA Regulations • 29 CFR 1926 Subpart P (Excavations) • Applies to public sector and to Federal employees • Illinois has adopted 1926 by reference in the Illinois Register Part 350 Section 350.280 • Applies to municipal, fire district, and State employees • Applicable regulations

  44. OSHA Regulations • Methods of providing worker protection • Applicable reguations • Sloping • Shoring • Shielding

  45. Methods of providing worker protection Sloping Shoring Shielding

  46. OSHA Regulations • Methods of providing worker protection • Applicable reguations • Soil classifications • Stable rock • Class-A • Cohesive soils • Clumps which are difficult to break apart • Class-B • Some cohesiveness • Clumps which are easily broken or molded • Class-C • Loose soils • Wet soils

  47. OSHA Regulations • Methods of providing worker protection • Applicable reguations • Soil classifications • Soil classification tests • OSHA requires at least one visual & one manual test • Visual tests • Observe spoil pile and its clumping behaviour • Observe sides and lip of trench for layers and tension cracks • Watch for seeping water • Determine likelyhood of previously disturbed soil • Manual tests • Thumb penetration test • Pocket penetrometer • Shearvane

  48. OSHA Regulations • Methods of providing worker protection • Applicable reguations • Soil classifications • Soil classification tests • Adjustments to soil classification • Wet soils are always Class-C

  49. Dangers of wet soils Standing water undermines trench walls

  50. Dangers of wet soils Water table Seeping water causes the soil to shift

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