Co-operative Community Schemes

1. Co-operative Community Schemes Alex Bird Chair, Co-operatives & Mutuals Wales

2. Co-operative Community Schemes • In the past developers have seen community organisations as useful partners • They can fulfil Corporate Social Responsibility commitments • They can bring community buy-in • Community organisations can also be developers in their own right

3. Co-operative Community Schemes • Co-operatives are community based • Generally much more commercially focussed than other community organisations • Can be:- • Worker Co-operatives • Consumer Co-operatives • Community (Hybrid) Co-operatives • Secondary Co-operatives

4. Co-operatives defined • Defined originally by the International Co-operative Alliance in 1937 • Latest revision 1995 • 800 million members worldwide • 100 million jobs worldwide • 4,820 co-ops in UK • 205,800 jobs in UK • £28.9bn turnover in UK

5. Co-operative Community Schemes The Three Economic Sectors First Sector The Public Sector Third Sector Hard to Define Second Sector The Private Sector Central Government Nationalised Industries Government Agencies Quangos (ASBs) Armed Forces Health Service Fire Service Regulators Regional Development Agencies Devolved Regions/Nations Local Government Parish/Community Councils Voluntary Sector Social Economy Multi-Nationals PLCs Conglomerates Offshore Companies Private Companies Partnerships Ltd Partnerships Sole Traders Franchises Voluntary Organisations - Charities - Voluntary Groups - Tenants Groups - Campaigns - Self Help Groups Charities that Trade Social Enterprises Community Businesses Building Societies Credit Unions Worker Co-ops Consumer Co-ops Arts Centres Enterprise Agencies ILMs

6. Co-operative Community Schemes Co-ops governed by ICA principles • Voluntary and Open Membership • Democratic Member Control • Member Economic Participation • Autonomy and Independence • Education, Training and Information • Co-operation among Co-operatives • Concern for Community

7. Co-operative Community Schemes • Co-operatives are accountable to their membership • Co-operatives have long term investment – not traded shares • Co-operatives share risk amongst stakeholders • Co-operatives can overcome NIMBYism • Co-operative model brings a whole mutual support mechanism into play

8. Denmark • In 2002, the installed capacity of wind energy in Denmark was 3,000 MW, generated from 5,600 turbines and providing 14% of the nation’s electricity consumption. • Wind farms ~ 23% (600 MW) of Denmark’s wind capacity is owned by co-operatives, with 100,000 members owning over 3,200 turbines. • In Denmark, 150,000 families are members of wind-energy co-operatives. • Due to an average growth of 71% per year, Danish offshore wind capacity remains the highest per capita in Europe.

9. Denmark • By contrast, in 2004 the UK’s installed capacity, for a population ten times that of Denmark, was 777 MW. • This comprised 90 projects, only one of which was owned by a co-operative, providing 0.5% of the UK’s electricity.

10. Denmark • CHP/district heating – 300 of the 400 district heating networks are owned by consumer co-operatives, ensuring accountability for a monopoly supply. • Biomass fuel – farmer co-operatives manage the fuel supply chain and own the majority of the 120 straw and wood-fuel district-heating plants. • Anaerobic digesters – farmer co-operatives own over 20 large-scale digester plants providing farmers with a sustainable waste-management solution.

11. Middelgrunden Co-operative, Denmark

12. Middelgrunden Co-operative, Denmark • The project has two owners – Copenhagen Energy (the local utility owned by the Municipality of Copenhagen) and the Co-operative – each taking possession of ten turbines. • The Co-operative, assisted by government grant and through the Copenhagen Environment and Energy Office, contacted between 50,000 and 100,000 people in the early stages. 10,000 local people committed cash, buying 30,000 pre-subscriptions at €7 each. • Ultimately, 8,552 electricity consumers became shareholders, half of them subscribing for five shares (the maximum number to be given tax-free status). • The cost of the Co-operative’s share of the project was estimated at €23 million, giving a price per share of €570.

13. Baywind Co-operative • Baywind Energy Co-operative Ltd is an Industrial & Provident Society and was formed in 1996 on the lines of co-operative models successfully pioneered in Scandinavia. • The first two Baywind projects enabled a community in Cumbria to invest in local wind turbines.

14. Baywind Co-operative • The original board of directors included 7 members of the community from Ulverston and Barrow. To date, members have received a competitive return on their investment from the sale of electricity. • The first share offer in 1996/97 raised 1.2 million to buy two turbines at the Harlock Hill wind farm. In 1998/99 the second share offer raised a further £670,000 to buy one turbine at the Haverigg II wind farm site. • Preference is shown for local investors, so that the community can share some of the economic benefits from their local wind farm.

16. Co-operative Community Schemes

17. Co-operative Community Schemes • Specialist Loan Funds • www.co-operativeloanfund.co.uk • www.icof.co.uk • Specialist Investment Funds • www.energy4all.co.uk • £8million grant pot from WAG for community owned green energy gives £100k to £300k per project • Industrial and Provident Societies – easier share issue than Companies • www.communityshares.org.uk • IPS Shares are withdrawable, not tradeable

18. Energy4All • Energy prospects - latest share issue from Energy4All • Will provide funds for work up to planning permission • Investment £500 to £20,000 • Qualifies for Enterprise Investment Scheme tax relief

19. Energy4All • 7 wind co-ops – stake in each • Raised over £13m equity, from over 7,000 members • Local energy conservation funds • Pay attractive annual return • Two Energy4All models: • 100% owned • Stake (leased land) www.energy4all.co.uk

20. Alex Bird Chair, Co-operatives & Mutuals Wales www.cooperatives-wales.coop alex@cooperatives-wales.coop