Mahammad Ghori - Prithviraj III - UPSC with Nikhil

1. www.upscwithnikhil.com TOPIC OF THE DAY - MUHAMMAD GHORI UPSC WITH NIKHIL ARELIABLEPLATFORMFOR CIVILSERVICESEXAM PREPARATION

2. MUHAMMAD GHORI Muiz-ud-din Muhammad bin Sam, also known as Muhammad of Ghur, Muhammad Ghori, or Shihabud Din Muhammad Ghori, was the true founder of the Muslim Empire in India. Though it was the Muslim invader Muhammad bin Qasim who first invaded India, followed by Mahmud of Ghazni, neither of them were able to establish a true Muslim empire in India. After a series of invasions, Muhammad Ghori was successful in establishing a secure and powerful Muslim kingdom in India. He is credited with being the true founder of Muslim rule in India. MORE ABOUT MUHAMMAD GHORI Muhammad Ghori was of Persian descent, but his ethnicity is still a point of contention. He is without a doubt one of the most illustrious generals in Islamic and Indian history. Despite being defeated in numerous battles, including the First Battle of Tarain in 1191 CE by Chahamana ruler Prithviraj III (r. 1178-1192 CE), the Gujrati Chalukya ruler Mularaja II c. 1178 CE, and the rulers of the Khwarazm Empire, he never gave up his conquest and established a vast empire. However, before his assassination in 1206 CE, he was unable to consolidate his empire. His main goal was to annex more provinces, and as a cunning general, he used religion to motivate his troops whenever necessary. He was a Sunni Muslim who was instrumental in establishing Islamic supremacy in the Indian subcontinent. Muhammad, who was a capable administrator but lacked an heir, realised that he would need not only capable courtiers to his realm, but also some of his closest aides to succeed him and take control of his empire once he died. It was also common practise among Islamic rulers to nurture their slaves, who grew up to become some of the sultans' closest confidants. Similarly, Muhammad Ghori selected a few of his most talented slaves and provided them with special training typically reserved for princes. Qutb al-Din Aibak, his favourite and most trusted slave, succeeded him as the first emperor of the Delhi Sultanate, gaining control of the most prized regions of the rich Indian plains (1206-1526 CE). Taj al-Din Yildiz became ruler of Ghazni, Nasiruddin Qabacha of a region centred on Multan, and Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji of Bengal. INDIAN CAMPAIGNS After assisting his brother in several campaigns that secured their positions, Muhammad Ghori turned his attention to India. For one thing, they were constantly under siege from the Khwarazm Empire in the west, and for another, Mahmud of Ghazni had already established a precedent for raiding India's UPSC WITH NIKHIL - NAGPUR

3. fabled rich lands. As a result, after ascending to the throne of Ghazni in 1173 CE, Muhammad Ghori conquered Multan and Uchch in the northwest of the Indian subcontinent via the Gomal Pass. Then, in 1178 CE, he crossed the Thar Desert and attacked the Solankis of Gujarat, likely to imitate Mahmud's feat in Gujarat, only to be completely routed by the Gujarati ruler, forcing Ghori to change his mind and tactics. He quickly gave up on the romanticism of a trans-desert invasion and focused his attention on Lahore as a secure base in the Punjab region from which to launch his campaigns into India. By 1190 CE, he had driven the Ghaznavids out of Punjab, conquering Sialkot, Lahore, and finally Peshawar. He then set his sights on Delhi and the Ganga-Yamuna Doab's fertile lands. THE REASONS THAT LED TO THE INVASIONS Muhammad Ghori was a leader with a lot of ambition. He was the younger brother of Ghais-ud-Din, the ruler of Gaur, who gave Ghori the responsibility of ruling over Ghazni in 1173 AD. But Ghori, a ruthless ruler, was not content with Ghazni alone, and he desired to expand his empire in order to gain more power and control, and he set his sights on conquering India. He was well aware of India's political, religious, social, and military shortcomings, as well as the country's vast wealth and gold reserves. He aspired to increase his power and wealth. He also desired to conquer India's Hindus in order to spread Islam throughout the country. For all of these reasons, he launched a series of invasions to conquer India. Muhammad Ghori launched as many as seven major invasions against India, winning the majority of them. His invasions of India were as follows: Multan and Sindh Conquest, 1175-1178: Muhammad Ghori's first invasion was in 1175 AD, when he attacked Multan, defeated the ruling Ismailian Heretics, and successfully captured Multan. In 1178 AD, he captured Uch in Upper Sindh and built a fort there from Multan. Later, he also conquered Lower Sindh. Anhihvara, Gujarat's capital, 1178: He invaded Gujarat the same year, but was defeated by Gujarat ruler Bhimdev at the Battle of Kayadara. He had to return to his kingdom after his first invasion against a Hindu ruler in India. Conquest of Punjab and Lahore, 1179-1186: Muhammad Ghori realised that Punjab, not Sindh or Multan, was the most important place to conquer in India. He conquered Peshawar in 1179 AD. In 1181 AD, he attacked Khusrau Malik, who did not fight back and instead compensated him with gifts and his son as a hostage. Ghori invaded Punjab once more in 1185 AD, looting the countryside and occupying the fort of Sialkot. Khusrau Malik attempted to take over Sialkot with the help of the Khokhars, but was unsuccessful. Muhammad Ghori attacked Punjab again in 1186 AD, this time besieging Lahore. UPSC WITH NIKHIL - NAGPUR

4. The First Battle of Tarain, 1191: In 1191, Ghori marched towards Delhi in order to conquer all of India, and he captured Sirhind. Prithavi Raj Chauhan, the Rajput King of Delhi and Ajmer, led his soldiers in a valiant battle against the Ghori in Tarain, which is now part of the Haryana state of India. Ghori was badly injured and defeated in the first battle of Tarain, and he had to retrace his steps. The Second Battle of Tarain, 1192: In 1192 AD, Muhammad Ghori invaded India once more, this time with a force of 1,20,000 soldiers that included Turks, Afghans, Persians, and other foreigners. Prithavi Raj Chauhan was unable to hold off the strong army of Ghori on the second battlefield of Tarain. Prithavi Raj was defeated by Muhammad Ghori, who was captured and killed. As a result, Ghori was able to take Delhi and Ajmer. The Battle of Kanuaj against Jai Chand Rathor, 1194 AD: Jai Chand Rathor, the king of Kanuaj, had a strained relationship with Prithavi Chauhan and was relieved when he was captured and killed. When Muhammad Ghori invaded India again in 1194 AD, he attacked Kannauj and defeated Jai Chand Rathor on the Chandawar battlefield. Qutab-ud-Din Aibak became Muhammad Ghori's viceroy after the invasion. Qutab-ud-din Aibak continued his conquests in India while Ghori returned to the west to complete his conquests on the western frontiers. Gujarat, Bundelkhand, Bengal, and Bihar Conquests, 1195-1202 AD: Bhindev, the Gujarati king, was attacked by Qutab-ud-Din Aibak. He was defeated at first, but he defeated Bhimdev in the next battle and conquered Gujarat. Bundelkhand, ruled by the Chandel Rajputs, was his next target. He also defeated them and took over Bundelkhand. Muhammad Khilji, a slave of Muhammad Ghori, launched attacks on Bihar in 1197 and Bengal in 1202. Ghori took control of Bengal and Bihar, and Khilji was appointed viceroy of Bengal and Bihar. Khokhar Revolt, 1205 AD: In 1205, Ghori returned to India, and this time the Khokhars revolted. However, he was victorious. Ghori was killed by someone in the Dhamyak district of Jhelum in 1206, while on his way to Ghazni (now in Pakistan). Some speculate that this act was carried out in retaliation for the massacres that occurred in India as a result of Ghori's invasions. LEGACY OF MUHAMMAD GHORI He was the true founder of Muslim rule in India, having conquered a large portion of Hindu lands. Qutub-ud-Din Aibak, his slave and viceroy, and his successors were successful in expanding Islam's dominance in India, establishing a Muslim dynasty in Delhi. In the hands of Qutub-ud-Din Aibak, Muhammad Ghori was successful in establishing a permanent settlement in India. The Hindu states UPSC WITH NIKHIL - NAGPUR

5. eventually fell apart as a result of this. In addition, the Hindu Rajput rulers were not united. The successive invasions of Ghori opened India's gates to all foreign rulers. Muhammad Ghori came from humbler beginnings than Mahmud Ghaznavi, but he travelled further and left indelible marks in India. He conquered India but did not proclaim himself King of India and remained Ghiyasuddin's loyal brother. He returned to Ghazani and attempted to put down the revolts in the western provinces, which were more strategically important for the Ghori Dynasty's survival. The Ghor Dynasty faded into obscurity after he was assassinated. However, his victory in India was not squandered, and it was further solidified under subsequent rulers. Though India was not a country that could be conquered in a single generation, we can always find a Muslim ruler on the throne of Delhi until 1857. UPSC WITH NIKHIL - NAGPUR