Introduction

1. Introduction • Core Problem of analogical reasoning: Mapping • Source-relation → Target-relation • Source-object → Target-object • Salvucci & Anderson: Path-mapping • Rolles link objects, relations and higher order relations together. • Source-role → Target-role Path-Mapping Theory in ACT-R Tobias Kaiser

2. Example: Solar System ↔ Atom causes[attracts(sun, planet), revolves(planet, sun)] Path-Mapping Theory in ACT-R Tobias Kaiser

3. To map an object... • Determine a path from the object to the root relation (bottom-up) • Map the root relation • Map the roles underneath (top-down) • Existing mappings are not allowed to be changed! Path-Mapping Theory in ACT-R Tobias Kaiser

4. Mapping-Phänomene • Spellman & Holoyak: Multiple possible mappings, central relations are dominant (Soap-Opera Model) • Nonisomorphic Mappings, many-to-one mappings are dominant (Country-Mapping Model) • Relations arity can be mapped to a different arity. (Sharing-Model) • B. Ross: Semantic and structural similarity ease the mapping process (Probability Problem Model) • Keane et al.: ''Unnatural'' analogies lead to a longer reaction time (Attribute-Mapping Model) Path-Mapping Theory in ACT-R Tobias Kaiser

5. Story mapping task • One-Story Condition: Subjects saw only the target story during mapping phase • Two-Story Condition: Subjects saw both stories Path-Mapping Theory in ACT-R Tobias Kaiser

6. Performance, reaction time, gazes Path-Mapping Theory in ACT-R Tobias Kaiser

7. Gaze transitions Path-Mapping Theory in ACT-R Tobias Kaiser

8. Story mapping model Chunk-definition for Roles: (chunk-type role parent parent-type slot child child-type) Example: rested-on(Larry, couch) (s1-1 isa target-role parent rested-on-1 parent-type rested-on slot rested-on-agent child larry child-type person) Goal Stack: Map an object (chunk-type map-object source-object source-role target-role target-object void source-relation target-relation parent-type slot child-type) Path-Mapping Theory in ACT-R Tobias Kaiser

9. Walking up the path... (p Retrieve-Components =goal> isa map-object source-role =source-role source-relation nil parent-type nil slot nil child-type nil =source-role> isa source-role parent =source-relation parent-type =parent-type slot =slot child-type =child-type ==> =goal> source-relation =source- relation parent-type =parent-type slot =slot child-type =child-type) (p Retrieve-Source-Role =goal> isa map-object source-object =source-object source-role nil target-object nil =source-role> isa source-role child =source-object ==> =goal> source-role =source-role) If no Source-Role is found: Reached-Source-Path-Root Path-Mapping Theory in ACT-R Tobias Kaiser

10. ...and down again! (p Retrieve-Analog-At-Root =goal> [...] parent-type =parent-type slot =slot child-type =child-type target-role nil =target-role> parent =target-relation parent-type =parent-type slot =slot child-type =child-type child =target-object ==> =subgoal> target-object =target-relation =goal> target-object =target-object !focus-on! =subgoal) (p Map-Source-Relation =goal> isa map-object source-relation =source-relation target-relation nil ==> =subgoal> isa map-object source-object =source-relation target-object =target-relation =goal> target-relation =target-relation !push! =subgoal) Path-Mapping Theory in ACT-R Tobias Kaiser

11. Semantic similarity (my-set-similarities-story '((got obtained) (unpacked took-out) (planned chose) (prepared set) (walked-to drove-to) (paid-for bought) (carried brought) (placed planted) (cleaned cleared) (prepared readied)(gathered collected) (slept-on rested- on) (fell-to ran-into) (broke sprained) (phoned called) (completed finished) (slept-on rested-on) (played toyed- with) (stole grabbed) (broke crushed) (whined-to cried- to) (purchased bought) (prepared organized) (talked-to spoke-with) (lifted picked-up) (pulled tugged) (ran- on walked-on) (started began) (added-to put-on) (finished completed) (dodged avoided) (tossed threw) (ran-on jogged-on) (arranged prepared) (collected gathered) (spoke-to talked- to) (gathered collected) (set-up put-up) (typed-in wrote-in) (sawed bowed) (blew-on whistled) (hammered beat) (monitored watched) (gripped held) (extracted removed) (gathered collected) (assembled built) (painted stained)) *estimated-similar-match*) Path-Mapping Theory in ACT-R Tobias Kaiser

12. Parameters (defparameter *data-story* (make-data-story :correct '(.85 .73 .99 .94) :times '((14.4 14.4 6.7 6.6) (12.9 18.3 12.2 14.5)) :gazes '((4.5 6.3 3.8) (2.4 2.5 1.5) (3.1 6.2 4.6) (2.6 4.1 2.4 2.7 3.9 2.9)) :transitions '(#2a((0 .92 .08) (.41 0 .59) (.18 .82 0)) #2a((0 .89 .11) (.30 0 .70) (.15 .85 0)) #2a((0 .39 .10 .22 .21 .09) (.26 0 .27 .04 .27 .16) (.06 .33 0 .05 .21 .35) (.33 .25 .05 0 .33 .04) (.08 .41 .10 .14 0 .26) (.07 .23 .29 .08 .33 0))) :key-times '((.51 .80 .90) (.52 .79 .92)) :key-before-23 '(.18 .07))) Path-Mapping Theory in ACT-R Tobias Kaiser

13. Parameters (defparameter *data-story* (make-data-story :correct '(.85 .73 .99 .94) :times '((14.4 14.4 6.7 6.6) (12.9 18.3 12.2 14.5)) :gazes '((4.5 6.3 3.8) (2.4 2.5 1.5) (3.1 6.2 4.6) (2.6 4.1 2.4 2.7 3.9 2.9)) :transitions '(#2a((0 .92 .08) (.41 0 .59) (.18 .82 0)) #2a((0 .89 .11) (.30 0 .70) (.15 .85 0)) #2a((0 .39 .10 .22 .21 .09) (.26 0 .27 .04 .27 .16) (.06 .33 0 .05 .21 .35) (.33 .25 .05 0 .33 .04) (.08 .41 .10 .14 0 .26) (.07 .23 .29 .08 .33 0))) :key-times '((.51 .80 .90) (.52 .79 .92)) :key-before-23 '(.18 .07))) Path-Mapping Theory in ACT-R Tobias Kaiser

14. Summary • Model Performance, RT and eye movements are similar to human behavior • Possibly due to parameters • Many cognitive tasks are not addressed in the model: • Reading/internalizing the story • Extracting Objects and Relations • Semantic comparison Path-Mapping Theory in ACT-R Tobias Kaiser

15. Summary • Structure of the Story mapping task is too simple • Every relation has two arguments. One is a person, the other one not adressed in the model • No higher order relations • The model does not show the real strength of path mapping! Path-Mapping Theory in ACT-R Tobias Kaiser