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Rhetoric, Rationalization, and Bad Argument Strategies

Argument from Outrage When anger functions as a premise. Argument from Outrage When anger functions as a premise. May use selective presentation to attempt to create, increase, or confirm feelings of anger. Argument from Outrage When anger functions as a premise. May use selective presentation to at

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Rhetoric, Rationalization, and Bad Argument Strategies

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    1. Rhetoric, Rationalization, and Bad Argument Strategies Informal Fallacies and Non-arguments

    2. Argument from Outrage When anger functions as a premise

    3. Argument from Outrage When anger functions as a premise May use selective presentation to attempt to create, increase, or confirm feelings of anger

    4. Argument from Outrage When anger functions as a premise May use selective presentation to attempt to create, increase, or confirm feelings of anger May attempt to justify letting anger over one thing influence judgment about another, unrelated thing

    5. Argument from Outrage When anger functions as a premise May use selective presentation to attempt to create, increase, or confirm feelings of anger May attempt to justify letting anger over one thing influence judgment about another, unrelated thing May simplistically attempt to focus anger on an easy target (scapegoating)

    6. Scare Tactics/Argument by Force When fear functions as a premise

    7. Scare Tactics/Argument by Force When fear functions as a premise May use selective presentation to attempt to create, increase, or confirm feelings of fear

    8. Scare Tactics/Argument by Force When fear functions as a premise May use selective presentation to attempt to create, increase, or confirm feelings of fear May attempt to justify letting fear of one thing influence judgment about another, unrelated thing

    9. Scare Tactics/Argument by Force When fear functions as a premise May use selective presentation to attempt to create, increase, or confirm feelings of fear May attempt to justify letting fear of one thing influence judgment about another, unrelated thing Depends on inappropriate beliefs about what is feared

    10. Argument from Pity When sympathy functions as a premise

    11. Argument from Pity When sympathy functions as a premise Occurs primarily as self-deception

    12. Argument from Pity When sympathy functions as a premise Occurs primarily as self-deception May make calculated demands on feelings of sympathy and compassion

    13. Argument from Pity When sympathy functions as a premise Occurs primarily as self-deception May make calculated demands on feelings of sympathy and compassion May result in assumption of inadequately justified obligations

    14. Argument from Pity When sympathy functions as a premise Occurs primarily as self-deception May make calculated demands on feelings of sympathy and compassion May result in assumption of inadequately justified obligations Can be mitigated by competent moral reasoning

    15. Argument from Envy When jealousy motivates premises Selection of premises may be influenced by irrelevant feelings Unstated (assumed) premises are likely Likely to occur as interior rationalization

    16. Wishful Thinking When hope or desire motivates premises

    17. Wishful Thinking When hope or desire motivates premises Fallacy includes as a premise the belief that thinking or wishing will change probability

    18. Wishful Thinking When hope or desire motivates premises Fallacy includes as a premise the belief that thinking or wishing will change probability Key “wishful thinking” premise may be an explicit metaphysical belief

    19. Wishful Thinking When hope or desire motivates premises Fallacy includes as a premise the belief that thinking or wishing will change probability Key “wishful thinking” premise may be an explicit metaphysical belief May occur as interior rationalization, explanation of faith, or “cheerleading”

    20. Peer Pressure/Group Think When need for approval or belonging motivates premises

    21. Peer Pressure/Group Think When need for approval or belonging motivates premises Claims accepted (function as true) because the group wants them accepted

    22. Peer Pressure/Group Think When need for approval or belonging motivates premises Claims accepted (function as true) because the group wants them accepted Known fact: people may change beliefs or interpretations if they find themselves in the minority, even in a group of strangers

    23. Peer Pressure/Group Think When need for approval or belonging motivates premises Claims accepted (function as true) because the group wants them accepted Known fact: people may change beliefs or interpretations if they find themselves in the minority, even in a group of strangers As nationalism, may be actively used to discourage critical thinking

    24. Rationalizing When inauthentic premises are substituted for true motives to justify a conclusion

    25. Rationalizing When inauthentic premises are substituted for true motives to justify a conclusion Misdirects attention from potentially relevant facts or ideas

    26. Rationalizing When inauthentic premises are substituted for true motives to justify a conclusion Misdirects attention from potentially relevant facts or ideas May constitute or result from self-deception

    27. Rationalizing When inauthentic premises are substituted for true motives to justify a conclusion Misdirects attention from potentially relevant facts or ideas May constitute or result from self-deception Substituted premises may also support unintended conclusions

    28. Argument from Popularity/ Tradition/Common Practice When a widely-held belief that something is true or right is deemed sufficient support

    29. Argument from Popularity/ Tradition/Common Practice When a widely-held belief that something is true or right is deemed sufficient support Evidence supporting the belief or behavior is not accessible for evaluation

    30. Argument from Popularity/ Tradition/Common Practice When a widely-held belief that something is true or right is deemed sufficient support Evidence supporting the belief or behavior is not accessible for evaluation Tends to gather strength with repetition

    31. Argument from Popularity/ Tradition/Common Practice When a widely-held belief that something is true or right is deemed sufficient support Evidence supporting the belief or behavior is not accessible for evaluation Tends to gather strength with repetition When group decisions have performative power--as in most votes--what the group thinks actually can make a proposition true or make behavior right or wrong

    32. Relativism/Subjectivism When truth is reduced to perspective

    33. Relativism/Subjectivism When truth is reduced to perspective Matters of fact and matters of opinion must be treated differently

    34. Relativism/Subjectivism When truth is reduced to perspective Matters of fact and matters of opinion must be treated differently Legitimate differences in perception must be acknowledged

    35. Relativism/Subjectivism When truth is reduced to perspective Matters of fact and matters of opinion must be treated differently Legitimate differences in perception must be acknowledged Cultural variables and prerogatives must be identified

    36. Relativism/Subjectivism When truth is reduced to perspective Matters of fact and matters of opinion must be treated differently Legitimate differences in perception must be acknowledged Cultural variables and prerogatives must be identified Moral and ethical values are obvious cases in which preferences are decisive

    37. Two Wrongs Fallacy When wrong is taken for right

    38. Two Wrongs Fallacy When wrong is taken for right Begins with A harming B, or even being suspected of thinking harming B is OK

    39. Two Wrongs Fallacy When wrong is taken for right Begins with A harming B, or even being suspected of thinking harming B is OK B decides to engage in wrongful behavior just because A did or might

    40. Two Wrongs Fallacy When wrong is taken for right Begins with A harming B, or even being suspected of thinking harming B is OK B decides to engage in wrongful behavior just because A did or might B’s decision is simply reactive, and not the outcome of reasoned inference

    41. Red Herring/Smokescreen When irrelevancies obscure relevant ones Both tend to introduce material that the audience will find attractive 

    42. Red Herring/Smokescreen When irrelevancies obscure relevant ones Both tend to introduce material that the audience will find attractive  The red herring introduces distractions, especially ones that share significant features with the issue

    43. Red Herring/Smokescreen When irrelevancies obscure relevant ones Both tend to introduce material that the audience will find attractive  The red herring introduces distractions, especially ones that share significant features with the issue The smokescreen introduces new topics and complications that obscure the issue

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