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Astronomy Final Exam

Astronomy Final Exam. You don’t need to write EVERYTHING down. This is on the class website if you want to review!. I. Science. Build, organize knowledge with testable explanations and predictions Scientific Method Observation Hypothesis Test Analysis Conclusion Criteria Testable

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Astronomy Final Exam

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  1. Astronomy Final Exam You don’t need to write EVERYTHING down. This is on the class website if you want to review!

  2. I. Science • Build, organize knowledge with testable explanations and predictions • Scientific Method • Observation • Hypothesis • Test • Analysis • Conclusion • Criteria • Testable • Objective • Repeat results • To be a scientist means that you require evidence, you are unbiased and you look at the data.

  3. II. Scientists • Da Vinci • Painter, sculptor, and scientist • Water lock system, weapons • Imagined Flying machines

  4. Michio Kaku • He constructed the atom smasher in his garage for his high school science fair • Founder of the string theory • A string is the length of a plank (10-33 cm.)

  5. Copernicus • Inserted additional epicycles and it was those epicycles that further shifter the sun away from the center of the solar system. • Geocentric Theory: The earth is the center of the universe compared to Heliocentric; the Sun is in the center. • Sometimes referred to as the father of modern astronomy

  6. Charles Darwin • Evolution: species change over time • Natural selection: nature chooses the best adapted to survive and reproduce. Best traits are passed to offspring who will be more successful at mating and / or survival (differential reproduction) and that trait will become more prevalent in next generations • Motivated to study evolution because he wanted to end slavery

  7. Archimedes • Invented things to make peoples lives simple • Born 287 B.C. in Sicily • Archimedes claw was used to defend the wall of Syracuse when they were under attack • Lever: movable bar that pivots on a fulcrum to a fixed point • The claw brought the idea of a crane • Screw pump

  8. Lamarck • First scientist to formally propose the gradual theory of evolution • Helped Darwin conclude his theories • Coined terms “biology” and “invertebrate that are still used today • Believed that organisms would evolve over time then just go extinct • Use and Disuse Theory says that those body parts that get the least exercise disappear in the course of time, and those with the most exercise grow larger = wrong, but helped guide Darwin to Theory of Evolution.

  9. Thomas Edison • Invented phonograph, camera and long lasting electric light bulb. • The carbon light bulb works because it heats the small wire in the middle to a high temperature where it would give off a glow. • The longer light meant that people were able to work at night and in effect, workers could work longer. The light bulbs were also easy and cheap to make. • The motion picture camera works like a regular camera. It produces light that shines through film and creates an image on the film

  10. Study of the Universe Earth Solar System Stars Galaxies Universe Cosmology Where the universe came from and what is its fate Life III. Astronomy

  11. IV. Water • One of the requirements for life • Strange Properties • Cohesion, adhesion • High heat of vaporization • Less dense as solid • Universal solvent • Weathering • Surface tension • Liquid • Our planet is the right distance from the Sun • Right temperature! • Where did it come from?

  12. IV. Rocks • Clues to earth’s geologic history • Igneous • Made from lava / magma • Sedimentary • Layering of dust particles by wind, water, ice • fossils • Metamorphic • Igneous or sedimentary under tremendous heat and pressure

  13. III. Plate Tectonics • Earth’s crust divided into plates • Plates move causing earthquakes, mountain ranges, volcanoes, continents • Wegener - 1912 • Dismissed due to lack of hard evidence • 1950 - Heezen • Mid-Atlantic Ridge • Seafloor spreading

  14. IV. Structure of the Earth

  15. Magnetosphere • Iron in outer core (liquid) moving around, creating electromagnetic field • Importance? • Orientation (poles used for direction) • Solar wind deflected

  16. Phylogenetic Tree: Evolutionary relationships between species based on physiology, DNA, embryology 3 domains of life Bacteria Archaea Eukarya V. Life

  17. Bacteria • Prokaryotic Cells: No membrane bound cells or nucleus • 3 shapes of bacteria: Cocci, basilis, sperilum • Digestive tract: • Helicobacter pylori: Found in the stomach. Can cause ulcers. • E. coli – aids in digestion when in lower intestine, but can cause food poisoning in upper digestive tract • Mostly Microbe: 10 bacteria cells for every one human cell in the body! • On Land: • 1 Billion Bacteria per grain of soil • Can be found up to 3 km. underground • In the Ocean: • 10 Million/mL of seawater • Modes of nutrition: • Autotrophic • Make their own food using energy source such as sunlight • Heterotrophic • Need to eat food for energy

  18. Archaea • Prokaryotic also • Use a variety of energy sources like iron, organic compounds, hydrogen • Can be extremophiles which tolerate life in ranges inhospitable to other domains • Halophile: salty • Thermophile: hot • Acidophile: acidic • Thermoacidophiles: one of the first organisms to evolve!

  19. Eukarya • Cells with membrane bound organelles and nucleus • Kingdom Protista • Kingdom Plantae • Kingdom Fungi • Kingdom Animalia

  20. Protista • Misfits that don’t seem to fit into any other kingdom • No specialized tissues • Heterotrophic or autotrophic • Motile (can move) using cilia or flagella • or sessile (stationary) • Slime molds, water molds, algae, Plankton and disease causing protozoa (malaria)

  21. Plantae • Autotrophic • Photosynthesis: • CO2 + water + light => • C6H12O6 (glucose) + O2 • Vascular (contain tubes that carry water and nutrients) • Flowering plants (angiosperm), Conifers (Coniferophyta), ferns (Pteridophyta) • Non – vascular • mosses (Bryophyta) • Alternation of generations: switch off between diploid (2 sets of each chromosome) and haploid (1 set of each chromosome) generations • What’s the difference between a sporophyte and a gametophyte? • Perennial vs. annual? • Nitrogen fixation: certain bacteria live in roots of legumes taking nitrogen out of atmosphere and put it into a form that can eventually be used by plants as fertilizer. Bacteria get glucose as food from plant = mutualism

  22. Fungi • Heterotrophic • Cell walls made of chitin (same protein found in shells of crustaceans!) • important ecological role as decomposers • Reproduce with spores

  23. Animalia • Heterotrophic • Categorized based on • Symmetry (bilateral / radial / none) • Protostome / deuterostome • Vertebrate / invertebrate • Know what these mean! • 97% animals are invertebrates

  24. Symmetry • Asymmetric: sponges, corals • Radial: Cnidarians (sea jellies) • Bilateral: Planarians (flatworms that are scavengers)

  25. Protostome / Deutrostome • Know definitions! • Annelids (ringed worms such as ragworms, earthworms and leeches) are protostomes

  26. Knowing the Heavens – Chapter 2 • Looking into the night sky. • Describing the sky. • Why does it matter?

  27. Constellations • Groups of stars • 88 Constellations

  28. Importance to Ancient Civilizations • Arab / Islamic, Inca, Indian, Native American, British, Egyptian, Chinese, Mesopotamian • time of day • Seasons • Navigation • Religion • Climate patterns • Calendar • Affected daily human life

  29. Why are the relevant today? • bring order to the sky by dividing it into smaller segments • provides a base for naming celestial objects

  30. Naming Constellations • Patterns / shapes from Greek / Roman mythology • Arabic names - widely studied in Islamic Nations • Greek alphabet letters starting with brightest stars.

  31. Example • Name: Vega / "Alpha of Lyra," or "Alpha Lyrae.” • Meaning of Name: loose transliteration of the Arabic word wāqi‘ meaning "falling" or "landing", via the phrase an-nasr al-wāqi‘ "the alighting vulture". • represented as a vulture in ancient Egypt and as an eagle or vulture in ancient India. • Constellation: Brightest star in Lyra Constallation • Mythology of Constellation: • Lyra is lyre in Latin. It belonged to Orpheus in Greek mythology. He played his lyre so beautifully he was able to entrance people, gods, even inanimate objects. He insulted Dionysus (god of celebration / wine) and his followers tore him apart. Zeus had his lyre retrieved by an eagle and placed in the heavens.

  32. Celestial Sphere • Useful for identification • Sphere surrounding Earth • Know this diagram form the final!

  33. Seasons • Ecliptic • Path of sun across sky • 23.5 degree tilt • Caused by amount of direct solar rays hitting Earth depending on tilt

  34. Precession • “wobble” of axis • Zodiac • Constellations that follow the ecliptic • Ecliptic: path of sun across sky.

  35. Solar Eclipse

  36. Lunar eclipse

  37. Phases of the moon

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