Scientific Method, Microscopes & Cells

1. Scientific Method, Microscopes & Cells Chapters: 1.8–1.9, 4, & 5

2. The Scientific Method

3. Draw a conclusion Draw a conclusion

4. Vocabulary • Problem Statement: • Hypothesis: • Independent Variable (IV) . • Dependent Variable (DV)

5. Vocabulary • Controls / Constants: • The Control GROUP: • Experimental group: • Validity

6. How to increase Validity • The experiment was • Experimental design includes • Compare

7. Lab reports • Title • Problem statement • Hypothesis • Materials • Procedure • Data / Results • Conclusions / Discussion

8. Format for conclusion • In this experiment we tested… (problem statement) • My hypothesis was (if ___, then ____) • The data supports (or does NOT support) my hypothesis BECAUSE… (back it up with actual #’s from data) • Possible sources of error… • Improvements / applications

9. Penny Lab • Predict how many drops of water will fit on the surface of a penny.

10. How is this possible??!?!??!!? Is water sticky?? Surface tension:

11. Water’s importance to life • Water is the _______________________ • The majority of our bodies is made up of… WATER • Ice and _______________ (good thing ice floats!) • Temperature regulation / high heat capacity • Search for extraterrestrials = search for WATER

12. Characteristics of life

13. The cell theory

14. Parts of the microscope Total magnification =

15. Exploring life & The life of the cell ALL CELLS HAVE __________ DNA – Genes –

16. DNA is a ______________________ • Two long chains coiled together. • These chains are made up of four kinds of chemical building blocks, called nucleotides.

17. Types of cells Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

18. Endosymbiosis

20. Cell Flow Chart

21. Animal Cells • No cell wall… • Instead, they have a _____________________ _____________________ • They also have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, which we will learn more about!

22. Plant Cells Have a CELL WALL, nucleus, & membrane-bound organelles

23. Practice! Stand up – Sit down • Is an animal cell eukaryotic? • Does a bacteria cell have a cell wall? • Is a plant cell prokaryotic? • Are plant and animal cells eukaryotic? • Do plant cells have membrane-bound organelles? • Do bacteria cells have membrane-bound organelles? • Do animal cells have a nucleus?

24. What am I? • I do not have any organelles. What am I? • I am a eukaryote WITH a cell wall. What am I? • I am a eukaryote without a cell wall. What am I? • I am a prokaryote WITH a cell wall. What am I?

25. Cell membrane • The outer boundary of any animal cell. • It is semi-permeable, meaning it

26. Cytoplasm • The cytoplasm is the • It holds all other organelles in the cell.

27. Nucleus • The cell’s information center. • The nucleus

28. Ribosomes • The site of ______________________________________, or the production of proteins.

29. Rough Endoplasmic reticulum • The rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER) is also a site of protein synthesis (because it is studded with ribosomes). The rough ER makes different types of proteins, which together, are necessary for the cell.

30. Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum • The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER) synthesizes lipids (fats) and detoxifies potentially harmful substances.

31. Golgi body / apparatus • The golgi body / apparatus

32. Vacuoles • A vacuole is an open vessel which

33. Mitochondria • A mitochondrion (plural = mitochondria) is the • It converts food energy to keep the organelles and the entire cell running.

34. Lysosome • The lysosome ________________________________ _________________________________________________ worn out cellular materials and foreign materials that enter the cell.

35. Plant: Cell WALL • The cell wall

36. Plant: Chloroplasts • Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, and are the

37. Cell Project • Your goal is to create a model cell… in any way, shape, or form imaginable! You may choose to work individually or with ONE other person. If you choose to work with a partner, be sure to put the time and effort into your project that goes above and beyond what you would do on your own. • Possible products: 3-D model, Children’s Book, Analogy, Short Story, Painting, Video, etc!!! • Please brainstorm & work on your outline for me to approve. These projects will be presented!

38. Salty potatoes lab • Get 3 slices of potatoes and 3 beakers. • Weigh each slice and record the starting weight. • Pour 100 mL of water in 2 of the beakers. • Add 2 spoonfuls of salt to the water of ONE beaker. • Place one potato slice into each beaker. • Predict what will happen to the weight, size,and texture of the potato at the end of class.

39. The Cell Membrane & Transportation Of Molecules

40. Structure: Phospholipid bilayer

41. Vocabulary • Semi-permeable • Diffusion • Osmosis

42. Example: What will happen? Inside cell Outside cell = water = salt

43. Hypotonic solution • There is a higher concentration of water • Water will move into the cell, causing it to • Think HYPO = HIPPO! • Also: Hypo = low Tonic = solutes

44. Hypertonic solution • There is a higher concentration of water • Water will move out of the cell,

45. Isotonic solution • The concentration of water inside the cell and outside the cell are • Water will move freely in and out of the cell at the same rate, causing no overall change. • The cell is in

46. Passive Transport WEEEE!!!!!

47. Main idea • Molecules move freely from • This happens naturally and

48. Active Transport Cell energy = Aww, this is gonna take ENERGY!!! Adenosine Tri-phosphate

49. Main idea: Three types / examples of ACTIVE TRANSPORT: • Moving molecules from [low] to [high]

50. EXOCYTOSIS Achoo!!