Rebirth of classical knowledge

1. Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci Renaissance man Rebirth of classical knowledge Begins in Italian city-states Spreads to Northern Europe Sistine Chapel By Michelangelo – realist painter & sculptor Humanism – focus on human values and accomplishments, learning Shakespeare English playwright, poet of Northern Renaissance Machiavelli – The Prince

2. Martin Luther Salvation by faith alone All humans equal before God Italians dominate Corruption and sale of indulgences Huge wealth & influence of merchants Posts 95 Theses (problems) on church door Begins Protestant movement

3. Henry VIII of England – Pope in Rome English church property as his Elizabeth I Anglican Church Dissenters Spanish Armada Colonies John Calvin Predestination What will happen to you Protestant movement

4. Princes remains Catholic 30 Years War Edict of Nantes Calvinists in France Makes 30 Years War political John Wycliffe Jan Huss Council of Trent Society of Jesus (Jesuits) Inquisition individualism secularism Religious toleration Printing press Higher literacy, spreads new ideas

5. Vasco da Gama Portugal Sails around Africa to create trade route to India Columbus Spain Reaches the New World, decimates indigenous Americans Magellan Spain His crew 1st to sail around the world, he dies in Philippines Hernan Cortes Spain Conquistador, conquered the Aztecs in Central Mexico Francisco Pizarro Spain Conquistador, conquered the Inca in Peru Francis Drake England Privateer, sailed around the world, defeated Spanish Armada Jacques Cartier France Reached Canada and claimed it for France

6. Europe Prince Henry of Portugal pioneers exploration Demand for gold Competition for colonies Europeans Horses, cattle, diseases that kill many Indians Sugar & rum America Rigid class system Colonies imitate mother country Christianity Manufactured goods lifestyles completely leads to slavery Plantation economy and environment Slaves Africa European trading ports Slaves & gold exported Christianity spreads Western Hemisphere – Native Americans Corn, potatoes, tobacco Economic practice, colonies benefit mother country banking system & money for markets

7. Centralize Power – take all of it for themselves Rule by Divine Right – God’s will France Builds palace of Versailles Spends to expand royal power Louis XIV Russia Westernizes Russia Builds St. Petersburg Takes nobles power Peter the Great Ignores Parliament, raises taxes Puritan military leader

8. Ignores Parliament, raises taxes Puritan military leader Grants rights and freedoms to Englishmen Royal power Eventual democracy & America’s gov Cromwell dies and Charles II restores the monarchy to England Peaceful, bloodless revolution William Mary share power equally with Parliament Fights with Parliament Factions modern political parties

9. Applies reason to human & natural world, stimulates religious tolerance and new government Leviathan Humans exist in nature Government protects us John Locke Government must protect our life, liberty, & property The Spirit of Laws Montesquieu Government is a contract between people and ruler Social Contract

10. Religious toleration, separation of church & state Voltaire Thomas Jefferson Declaration of Independence Baroque composer Concertos, fugues Mozart Symphonies, operas Eugene Delacroix Romantic painter Miguel Cervantes Don Quixote

11. Copernicus – developed heliocentric theory Kepler – Discovered planetary motion Isaac Newton Discovered laws of gravity William Harvey Discovered blood circulation Galileo Used telescope to support heliocentric theory Reason and observation lead to scientific method

12. England Natural resources (coal, iron), stable government, steam engine Increased education Better standard of living Better transportation Urbanization - more cities Harsh working conditions Factory system ends cottage industries Pollution & poor housing Enclosure movement

13. James Watt Steam Engine James Hargreaves Spinning jenny – used in England’s textile factories Eli Whitney Cotton Gin –demand for labor leads to slavery Henry Bessemer Process for making strong, cheap steel Edward Jenner Smallpoxvaccine Louis Pasteur Discovers bacteria & cause of sickness

14. European conflicts brought to colonies Dutch & British set up trading ports in India Christian missionaries convert natives to Christianity Directly ruled by foreign power (America – 13 colonies) Country protected by another 1 (Hawaii) Region where 1 country gets trading rights (China) Nationalism – competition for power & wealth Industrial Revolution – demand for natural resources and markets Matthew Perry 1854 America East India Company Built in Egypt to cut travel time to India, England controls it Held in 1884, European Powers divide up Africa for themselves

15. Jews, non-Aryans, disabled Adolf Hitler’s Final Solution 1930s-1940s Political enemies, intellectuals Joseph Stalin & secret police Soviet Union Rwanda Hutu militia 1994 Artists, enemies, intellectuals Cambodia 1970’s

16. High Literacy rate Low fertility rate (babies per mother) Slow or no population growth Freemarket economies Large middle class Political freedom High Birth rates = rapid growth Low literacy rates Little access to health care Poverty Poor health Ethnic & religious conflict Climate change illiteracy Pollutionrapid growthTerrorism

17. Refugees countries Guest workers temporary • Munich Olympics • 9/11 attacks • Car bombings • Suicide bombers • Airline hijackers Global peace keeping organization lends money to developing nations at a cost Surveillance Review of privacy rights Security at ports and airports Identification badges and photos free trade agreement between US, Canada, & Mexico Global organization promoting free trade - common currency and easier borders in Europe