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Living creatures are ORGANIZED

Living creatures are ORGANIZED. All made of the same collection of chemicals, but we are organized as… molecules proteins, fats, carbohydrates, nucleic acids. carbohydrates. proteins. DNA. Living creatures are ORGANIZED.

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Living creatures are ORGANIZED

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  1. Living creatures are ORGANIZED • All made of the same collection of chemicals, but we are organized as… • molecules • proteins, fats, carbohydrates, nucleic acids carbohydrates proteins DNA

  2. Living creatures are ORGANIZED • All made of the same collection of chemicals, but we are organized as… • organelles & cells • plant cells & animal cells plant cell animal cell

  3. Getting from there to here… • Going from a cell to baby…. the original fertilized egg has to divide… The groups of cells work together to perform the same function as tissue. Groups of tissue work together as a system

  4. Living creatures are ORGANIZED • All made of the same collection of chemicals, but we are organized as… • organs & organ systems • respiratory, circulatory, digestive, etc.

  5. food O2 ATP What do animals need to make the systems work • Animals make energy using: • food • oxygen • Animals build bodiesusing: • food for raw materials • amino acids, sugars, fats, nucleotides • ATP energy for synthesis mitochondria But where do we get the raw material from?

  6. We EAT IT!

  7. Different diets; different lives • All animals eat other organisms • Herbivores • eat mainly plants • gorillas, cows, rabbits, snails • Carnivores • eat other animals • sharks, hawks, spiders, snakes • Omnivores • eat animals & plants • cockroaches, bears, raccoons, humans • humans evolved as hunters, scavengers & gatherers

  8. Getting & Using Food • Ingest • taking in food • Digest • mechanical digestion • breaking up food into smaller pieces (bolus) • chemical digestion • breaking down food into molecules small enough to be absorbed into cells • enzymes • Absorb • absorb across cell membrane • diffusion • active transport • Eliminate • undigested material passes out of digestive system intracellulardigestion extracellulardigestion

  9. Digestive systems Everybody’s got one!

  10. Human digestive system

  11. Ingestion- where it all starts! • Mouth • mechanical digestion • teeth • breaking up food • chemical digestion • saliva • enzyme digests starch • Carbohydrate (chains of sugars) • slippery protein • protects soft lining of digestive system • lubricates food for easier swallowing

  12. mouth break up food digest starch kill germs moisten food

  13. Stomach • Functions • food storage • can stretch to fit ~2L food • disinfect food • HCl = pH 2 • kills bacteria • chemical digestion • enzyme breaks down proteins • In to amino acids But the stomach is made out of protein! What stops the stomach from digesting itself? mucus secreted by stomach cells protects stomach lining

  14. stomach kills germs break up food digest proteins store food mouth break up food digest starch kill germs moisten food sphincter sphincter

  15. Small intestine • Function • chemical digestion • major organ of digestion & absorption • absorption through lining • over 6 meters! • small intestine has huge surface area = 300m2 (~size of tenniscourt) • Structure • 3 sections • duodenum • jejunum • Ileum\

  16. Duodenum • 1st section of small intestines • acid food from stomach • mixes with digestive juices from: • pancreas • liver • gall bladder

  17. Pancreas • Digestive enzymes • digest proteins – into amino acids • digest starch- in to sugars • Buffers • neutralizes acid from stomach

  18. pancreas produces enzymes to digest proteins & starch mouth break up food digest starch kill germs moisten food stomach kills germs break up food digest proteins store food

  19. Liver • Function • produces bile • bile stored in gallbladder until needed • breaks up fats – nonpolar! bile contains colors from old red blood cells collected in liver = iron in RBC rusts & makes feces brown

  20. liver produces bile - stored in gall bladder break up fats mouth break up food digest starch kill germs moisten food stomach kills germs break up food digest proteins store food pancreas produces enzymes to digest proteins & starch

  21. Absorption by Small Intestines • Absorption through villi & microvilli • finger-like projections • increase surface area for absorption

  22. small intestines breakdown food - proteins - starch - fats absorb nutrients mouth break up food digest starch kill germs moisten food stomach kills germs break up food digest proteins store food liver produces bile - stored in gall bladder break up fats pancreas produces enzymes to digest proteins & starch

  23. Large intestines (colon) • Function • re-absorb water • use ~9 liters of water every day in digestive juices • > 90% of water reabsorbed • not enough water absorbed • diarrhea • too much water absorbed • constipation

  24. You’ve got company! • Living in the large intestine is a community of helpful bacteria • Escherichiacoli (E. coli) • produce vitamins • vitamin K; B vitamins • generate gases • by-product of bacterial metabolism • methane, hydrogen sulfide

  25. large intestines absorb water mouth break up food digest starch kill germs moisten food stomach kills germs break up food digest proteins store food liver produces bile - stored in gall bladder break up fats small intestines breakdown food - proteins - starch - fats absorb nutrients pancreas produces enzymes to digest proteins & carbs

  26. Appendix Vestigial organ

  27. Rectum • Last section of colon (large intestines) • eliminate feces • undigested materials • extracellular waste • mainly cellulose from plants • roughage or fiber • masses of bacteria

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