Just a Small Challenge Whatever you do: Forget what we are about to see and discuss

1. Before we begin Studying MEMORY today. . . Just a Small ChallengeWhatever you do: Forget what we are about to see and discuss

2. 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106

3. Got ya! 106

4. What is your first memory? What was your approximate age? Subject matter? Was it dramatic or traumatic?

5. Your earliest memory… • Probably not before age of 3 unless severely traumatic • If you have earlier memories – it is likely you were told of the events later in life and placed the memory sometime after the age of 3

6. Overview of the information processing model • This model views human memory as a system that: • Encodes • Rehearses • Stores • Retrieves bits of information

7. In humans, information processing occurs in three systems • Sensory memory • Short-term memory • Long term memory

8. Levels of processing

9. Shallow processing • maintenance rehearsal • Involves simple repetition of the presented materials • Not effective encoding

10. Draw a penny • Volunteers • Try to recall from your memory the “face” of a typical penny

11. OK, smarties. . . Pick the Penny • We have displayed everyone's drawing. • Which is most accurate?

12. Penny

13. Deep Processing • Elaborative rehearsal • Coding by forming associations between new information and information already stored • Makes information meaningful

14. Subjective organization

15. List all of the states in the united states of America (USA)

16. Here they are

17. Subjective organization • How did you organize your list of states? • Developing a personal way to categorize items in an effective way • East to west • West to east • Alphabetical

18. Mnemonic Devices • Memory cues for improving the encoding, storage and retrieval of information • These have apparently been used throughout history, for example the Greek poet, Simonides about 500 BCE • Examples? • Please excuse my dear aunt sally • Never eat sour watermelons

19. Memory and Retrieval

20. Types of Memory • Sensory Memory (sensory register) • A very brief memory for sensory information • Allows for a very short period of time to review the overwhelming amount of sensory information. Most is discarded. • Selected information is rehearsed for storage.

21. Other issues • Types of Encoding Visual/Iconic Acoustic/ Auditory Semantic • Flashbulb Memory • Processing Automatic Effortful • Photographic memory

22. Short-term Memory • Also called working memory • A limited, relatively brief storage system that holds items we are aware of and working with at any given time • Experiments indicate the duration of short term memory is limited to 15-20 seconds unless it is rehearsed

23. Capacity • Seven + two • This can be increased if information is organized into chunks of meaningful or well practiced information • Note further research by Alan Baddeley who refers to this as “working memory” and suggests that it is more complex than George Miller’s version. Baddeley suggest four components • Phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, central executive system and an eposodic buffer

24. Long term memory • Our more or less permanent memory store • Almost unlimited capacity and duration

25. Types of long-term memory • EndelTulving suggests differing types of memories. • Episodic Memories • Semantic memory • Procedural Memory • Dispositional Memory(added by Myers, D.)

26. Explicit Implicit • Explicit or declarative memory • Memories of which one isconsciously aware • Processed in the hippocampus • Implicit or non-declarative memory • Memories of which one is not consciously aware • Processed in cerebellum

27. Serial Position Effect • Our memory for a list of items is better at the beginning and the end of the list than for items in the middle of the list • Calledprimacyand recency effect • Remember the activity where you had to recall words from a list!!

28. Retrieval and Forgetting

29. Retrieval • Ability to remember information • Recall v. recognition • Recall • Recognition

30. Hermann Ebbinghaus • Forgetting Curve • Indicates that much of what we learn we may quickly forget

31. Ebbinghaus Forgetting curve

32. Reconstructive memory • Accounts for the inaccuracy of our recollections • We “fill-in-the-gaps” • How? • Confabulation • Distortion • Overconfidence • Misleading post events • Framing-the structure of question

33. Role of Emotion • Mood congruency • State dependent memory

34. Eye Witness Testimony • Elizabeth Loftus • false memories 5 mins • Accuracy of eye witness testimony can be influenced by framing • Children particularly susceptible to false memories

35. Eye witness testimony • Little correlation between witness certainty and witness accuracy • Eye witness testimony is BAD!

36. DEJavU • Means already seen • What is this? • Reading

37. What is forgetting? • The inability to retrieve information • But WHY?

38. Decay theory • Argues that forgetting is caused by the passage of time • A physiological memory track is laid down when a memory is made • Thus, there is no physiological mechanism to account for decay

39. Interference theory • Argues that retrieval failure occurs when established associations conflict with what we are trying to recall • Types: • Proactive interference • Retroactive interference

40. Repression theory • Sigmund Freud • Painful memories are self-censored and stored in the unconscious mind • This is controversial.

41. the biology of memory Begin with Clive Wearing Update

42. The biology of memory • Not that new. . . • Early studies by Lashley and Hebb with rats

43. The biology of Memory • James McConnell and flatworms

44. Neuroanatomy and Memory • Richard Thompson and rabbits • His research • Procedural memories reside in the cerebellum

45. Neuroanatomy and memory • Hippocampus is the chief structure implicated in episodic and semantic memories (Tulving) • Plays a role is “fixing” memories during time after learning • Case Study E. B. • Clive Wearing

46. Neuroanatomy and memory • The thalamus seems to be the structure that initially gives the “print” order for the memory. • Without this structure the memory never gets formed at all

47. Neurochemistry and memory • Research looks at neurochemistry involved in memory formation • Norepinephrine • Dopamine • Glutamate • GABA

48. Diseases of memory • Amnesia involves forgetting under conditions of severe psychological or physical trauma • Korsakoff’s syndrome- a disorder associated with chronic alcoholism that presents with hippocampus damage

49. Did YOU FORGET • 106