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Reconstruction (1865-1876)

Reconstruction (1865-1876). Key Questions. 1. How do we bring the South back into the Union?. 4. What branch of government should control the process of Reconstruction?. 2. How do we rebuild the South after its destruction during the war?.

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Reconstruction (1865-1876)

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  1. Reconstruction (1865-1876)

  2. Key Questions 1. How do webring the Southback into the Union? 4. What branchof governmentshould controlthe process ofReconstruction? 2. How do we rebuild the South after itsdestruction during the war? 3. How do weintegrate andprotect newly-emancipatedblack freedmen?

  3. Principal Reconstruction Proposals and Plans • 1864-1865 Wartime Reconstruction • Lincoln’s 10% plan • Wade-Davis Bill (Vetoed by Lincoln) • 1865-1866 Presidential Reconstruction • Johnson’s version of Lincoln’s proposal • 1867-1877 Congressional Reconstruction • Congressional plan of military Reconstruction: Fourteenth Amendment plus black suffrage

  4. Wartime Reconstruction

  5. 13th Amendment • Ratified in December, 1865. • Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction. • Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

  6. Freedmen’s Bureau (1865) • Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands. • Many former northern abolitionists risked their lives to help southern freedmen. • Called “carpetbaggers” by white southern Democrats.

  7. Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes Plenty to eat and nothing to do.

  8. Presidential Reconstruction

  9. President Andrew Johnson • Jacksonian Democrat. • Anti-Aristocrat. • White Supremacist.

  10. President Johnson’s Plan (10%+) • Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except Confederate civil and military officers and those with property over $20,000 (they could apply directly to Johnson) • In new constitutions, they must accept minimumconditions repudiating slavery, secession and state debts. 1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates. 2. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back to political power to control state organizations. EFFECTS? 3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite were back in power in the South!

  11. Growing Northern Alarm! • Many Southern state constitutions fell short of minimum requirements. • Johnson granted 13,500 special pardons. • Revival of southern defiance. BLACK CODES

  12. Black Codes • Purpose: • Guarantee stable labor supply now that blacks were emancipated. • Restore pre-emancipationsystem of race relations. • Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers[tenant farmers].

  13. Congress Breaks with the President • Congress bars SouthernCongressional delegates. • Joint Committee on Reconstruction created. • February, 1866  Presidentvetoed the Freedmen’sBureau bill. • March, 1866  Johnsonvetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act. • Congress passed both bills over Johnson’s vetoes 

  14. Radical (Congressional) Reconstruction

  15. 14th Amendment • Ratified in July, 1868. • No state shall deny a citizen “equal protection” of the law • Former Confederate cannot hold office • Enshrine the national debt while repudiating that of the Confederacy. • Lowers a states proportional representation if they deny the vote to any eligible person

  16. Johnson’s “Swing around the Circle” The 1866 Bi-Election • A referendum on Radical Reconstruction. • Johnson made an ill-conceived propaganda tour around the country to push his plan. • Republicanswon a 3-1majority in both houses

  17. Radical Plan for Readmission • Required new state constitutions • Must include: black suffrage and ratification of the 14th Amendment

  18. Reconstruction Acts of 1867 • 10 Southern states that refused to ratify the 14th Amendment. • Congress Divided the 10 states into 5 military districts. • Union military would occupy state and oversee elections

  19. Reconstruction Acts of 1867 • Tenure of Office Act • The President could not remove any officials without the Senate’s consent, if the position originally required Senate approval. • Designed to protect radicalmembers of Lincoln’s government. • Constitutionality of the law is • questionable Edwin Stanton

  20. President Johnson’s Impeachment • Johnson removed Stanton in February, 1868. • Johnson replaced generals in the field who were more sympathetic to Radical Reconstruction. • The House impeached him on February 24 before even drawing up the charges by a vote of 126 – 47!

  21. The Senate Trial • 11 week trial. • Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of required 2/3s vote).

  22. "Adjustment" in the South

  23. Establishment of Historically Black Colleges in the South

  24. Black Senate & House Delegates

  25. The Balance of Power in Congress

  26. Southern State Governments • Controlled by Republicans during Reconstruction • Scalawags- term used by Democrats to describe southern Republicans

  27. The “Invisible Empire of the South”

  28. The Failure of Federal Enforcement • Enforcement Acts of 1870 & 1871 [also known as the KKK Act]. • Attaches penalties to denying blacks equal rights including voting and holding office

  29. The Grant Administration (1868-1876)

  30. 1868 Presidential Election

  31. 1868 Presidential Election • Ulysses S. Grant wins by 300,000 votes as a Republican • 500,000 former slaves vote for Grant

  32. 15th Amendment • Ratified in 1870. • The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. • The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. • Women’s rights groups were furious that they were not granted the vote!

  33. Amnesty Act of 1872 • Animosity towards ex Confederates wanes • Amnesty Act- Allowed all but 150 former Confederate leaders to vote and run for office

  34. Northern Support Wanes • “Grantism” & corruption. • Whiskey Ring • Credit Mobilier • Panic of 1873 [6-yeardepression]. • Southern redeemers (conservative Democrats) took over southern states one by one

  35. The Civil Rights Act of 1875 • Crime for any individual to deny full &equal use of public accommodations • Was not thoroughly enforced • Supreme Court found it unconstitutional • No new civil rights act was attemptedfor 90 years!

  36. 1876 Presidential Election

  37. 1876 Presidential Election • In 1876 Federal Troops remain only in LA and SC • Republican Rutherford Hayes v. Democrat Samuel Tilden • Tilden won popular vote and electoral vote 184-165 but needed 185 for a majority • 20 electoral votes were in dispute Hayes

  38. The “Compromise” of 1877 • House of Representatives decides who is President • Democrats/Republicans cut a deal • Rutherford Hayes becomes President but… • Federal troops leave SC and LA • Hayes supports bill to build transcontinental railroad in south • Reconstruction officially ends • White southern democrats deny blacks the vote/equal rights

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