NSTA Web Seminar: The Heat is On! Climate Change and Coral Reef Ecosystems Ocean Acidification

1. LIVE INTERACTIVE LEARNING @ YOUR DESKTOP NSTA Web Seminar: The Heat is On! Climate Change and Coral Reef Ecosystems Ocean Acidification Presented by Dr. Dwight Gledhill, NOAA Thursday, April 2, 2009

2. Ocean Acidification What it is and what it means… NSTA Elluminate Web Seminar 2009 Presented by: Dr. Dwight Gledhill Atlantic Oceanographic & Meteorological Laboratory Assisted on the chat by: Dr. Mark Eakin (Coral Reef Watch) Tyler Christensen (Coral Reef Watch) Paulo Maurin (Coral Reef Conservation Prog.) Bruce Moravchik (NOAA)

3. PART I Making the case for a Balanced Budget Amendment

4. The Growing Challenge of Population & Energy http://www.raisethehammer.org/images/world_population_growth.jpg http://www.history.com/earth/images/over_population2.jpg

5. Global “Weirding” Interactive question: Where will we be in 2050? Slide provided by John Dunne (GFDL)

6. 570 520 Global “Weirding” 470 Interactive question: Where will we be in 2050? 420 Slide provided by John Dunne (GFDL)

7. Keeping a Balanced Budget UNESCO (2006) Updated from Sabine et al (2004), SCOPE 62 1 Gt = 1,000,000,000 tons Slide provided by John Dunne (GFDL)

8. Keeping a Balanced Budget UNESCO (2006) Updated from Sabine et al (2004), SCOPE 62 1 Gt = 1,000,000,000 tons Slide provided by John Dunne (GFDL)

9. Let’s Pause for Two Questions. 9

10. PART II Ocean Acidification That “Other” CO2 Problem 10

11. The Basic Chemistry CO2 ≈ 48% of anthropogenic CO2 taken up by the ocean

12. The Basic Chemistry CO2 ≈ 48% of anthropogenic CO2 taken up by the ocean

13. The Basic Chemistry CO2 ≈ 48% of anthropogenic CO2 taken up by the ocean

14. Poll Question Based on the previous equation, if the CO2 concentration increases what will happen to the pH? • pH goes up (become more basic) • pH goes down (becomes more acidic) • pH stays the same due to buffering action

15. The Basic Chemistry pH CO32- CO2(aq) Wolf-Gladrow et al., 1999

16. The Basic Chemistry pH CO32- CO2(aq) Wolf-Gladrow et al., 1999

17. NOAA CMDL CCGG CO2 data at Mauna Loa, HI Derived surface (50 m) values obtained using on-line data available at http://hahana.soest.hawaii.edu/hot/hot-dogs/ and solved using the Lewis E. and Wallace D.W.R. (1998) Basic program for CO2 system in seawater. ORNL/CDIAC-105, Oak Ridge National Lab 17

18. Plant/Animal/Mineral Reef Community Slide after of Joan Kleypas, NCAR 18

19. Poll Question What is currently considered the primary threat posed to coral reefs by "Ocean Acidification"? A) corals will dissolve B) reef growth will be compromised C) corals will expel their zooxanthellae D) there will be fewer fish E) coral will  grow too quickly

20. corals will dissolve • reef growth will be compromised • corals will expel their zooxanthellae • there will be fewer fish • coral will  grow too quickly

21. Let’s Pause for Two Questions. 21

22. PART III My Favorite Greek Letter What it means and where it’s going… 22

23. Saturation State (W) Saturation state describes the degree to which a solution is saturated with respect to a mineral phase W > = 1 precipitation W < = 1 dissolution 23

24. Important Benthic Calcifiers SW Ross NOAA Impacts of Increasing Ocean Acidification on Coral Reefs and Other Marine Calcifiers: A Guide for Future Research, 2006 24

25. Important Planktonic Calcifiers Coccolithophores Forams C. Farmer T. Tyrrel H. Spero Images courtesy of Joan Kleypas, NCAR 25

26. P. Harrison 26 Carbonate Shells Provide Many Functions • Protection • Buoyancy • Light modification • Reproduction • Anchoring to the substrate • Extension above the bottom • Competition for space T Hughes D. Lea Slide courtesy of Joan Kleypas, NCAR

27. Predictions of Ocean Acidification in the Global Oceans Aragonite Saturation State after Feely et al (in press) with Modeled Saturation Levels from Orr et al (2005)

28. Predictions of Ocean Acidification in the Global Oceans Aragonite Saturation State after Feely et al (in press) with Modeled Saturation Levels from Orr et al (2005)

30. PART IV 30

31. Measured responses of marine calcifying organisms to increased pCO2 Aquaria/Mesocosms Biosphere 2 SHARQ 31

32. Ocean Acidification: Impacts on Corals and Reefs

33. Coral Reef “Growth” in the Balance Calcification Bioerosion Dissolution

34. Coral Reef “Growth” in the Balance Calcification Bioerosion Dissolution

35. Let’s Pause for Two Questions. 35

36. PART V 36

37. 37

39. 0.6 1000 – 1300 ppm 0.4 520 – 700 ppm 0.2 380 ppm Fraction Bleached 0.0 7.60 7.70 8.0 8.4 7.85 7.95 pH 39

40. 40

41. The Eastern Tropical Pacific goes Global? Should atmospheric CO2 levels achieve 550 ppm most tropical coral reefs will reside in waters akin to the Tropical East Pacific 41

42. Let’s Pause for Two Questions. 42

43. PART VI Trouble comes in…. 43

44. 44 Deep-Water Coral Reef Ecosystems Freiwald, A 2004; http://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/cfp/management_resources/ environment/destructive/problem_en.htm Mapped distribution of known deep(cold)-water coral 44

45. 45 Deep-Water Coral Reef Ecosystems “Living on the Edge” of the Aragonite Saturation Horizon www.co2.ulg.ac.be The Oceans “Snow Line”: Aragonite Saturation Horizon (ASH) 45

46. 46 1765 Deep-Water Coral Reef Ecosystems Guinotte et al., 2006 www.co2.ulg.ac.be The Oceans “Snow Line”: • 95% of deep-sea coral above ASH Aragonite Saturation Horizon (ASH) surface 46

47. 47 1995 Deep-Water Coral Reef Ecosystems Guinotte et al., 2006 www.co2.ulg.ac.be The Oceans “Snow Line”: Aragonite Saturation Horizon (ASH) surface 47

48. 48 2060 Deep-Water Coral Reef Ecosystems Guinotte et al., 2006 www.co2.ulg.ac.be The Oceans “Snow Line”: Aragonite Saturation Horizon (ASH) surface 48

49. 49 2099 Deep-Water Coral Reef Ecosystems Guinotte et al., 2006 • 25% of deep-sea coral above ASH www.co2.ulg.ac.be The Oceans “Snow Line”: Aragonite Saturation Horizon (ASH) surface 49

50. Let’s Pause for Two Questions. 50