Current and Future Prospects on Long-Baseline Experiments in Europe

1. Current and Future Prospects on Long-Baseline Experiments in Europe NuPhys 2013 IoP, London Dec. 19th, 2013 Dave Wark Oxford University/RAL

2. Future Prospects on Long Baseline Experiments In Europe In the aftermath of the CERN Strategy, they are perhaps somewhat bleak….

3. Current and Future Prospects on Long-Baseline Experiments in Europe NuPhys 2013 IoP, London Dec. 19th, 2013 Dave Wark Oxford University/RAL

4. Current and Future Prospects on Long-Baseline Experiments (Partially) Done by Europeans NuPhys 2013 IoP, London Dec. 19th, 2013 Dave Wark Oxford University/RAL

5. >50% of members are from Europe. • Largest neutrino experiment in Europe

6. European Contributions: • UA1/NOMAD Magnet • TPC MicroMegas • TPC/FGD Electronics • Contributions to INGRID • ECAL • Trip-T electronics • DAQ • Software • Analysis

7. European Contributions to T2K Beamline Beam Baffle Dump Design Target, Target Design, Target Remote Handling Beam Window Demonstrates the ability of Europe to make significant contributions to facilities which are not in Europe!

8. ICHEP talk by Justin Evans 735km MINOS ICHEP2010 -- T.Nakaya (Kyoto) --

9. nm nt ? CNGS OPERA has now seen 3 tau-appearance events, confirming the oscillation interpretation of q23-driven oscillations ICARUS has successfully pioneered the underground operation of a large LAr detector, and set useful limits on sterile n

10. This was followed by the LAGUNA-LBNO Design Study to concentrate on Long Baseline options identified by LAGUNA

15. MH effect increases with baseline, CP effect is ~roughly constant. Note size of CP effect in second maximum… 2nd Max + MH → Concentrate on longest baseline.

32. 1477 An ESS Based Super Beam for Lepton CP violation discoveryarXiv:1309.7022v2 [hep-ex] 14 Oct 2013TordEkelof, Uppsala Univerisityof behalf of the ESSνSB Collaboration CERN Neutrino Meeting Tord Ekelöf Uppsala University

33. The ESS 2 GeV proton linac as proton driver for a neutrino Super Beam The European Spallation Source (ESS), which is being built in Lund, Sweden, will have a 2 GeV 5 MW (alternatively 2.5 GeV 5MW) superconductionlinac to produce 1.6x1016 protons on target/second* which is two orders of magnitude more than any other planned proton driver for a neutrino beam • T2HK – JPARK to HyperKamiokande 30 GeV, 0.75 MW -> • 1.6x1014 protons on target/second • LBNE – FNAL to Sanford Lab 60-120 GeV, 0.7 MW –> • 1.1x1014 protons on target/second First beams 2019 Full linac power installed 2022 * = Power [W]/(Energy [eV]x1.6x10-19) CERN Neutrino Meeting Tord Ekelöf Uppsala University

34. How can the ESS linac be used as a proton driver for a neutrino Super Beam, maintaining spallation neutron production unchanged? Proposal; By rising the linac 2.86-ms-pulse frequency from 14 Hz, i.e. 4.0 % duty cycle, to 28 Hz, i.e. 8.0% duty cycle, thereby doubling the average RF power from 5MW to 10 MW without increasing the instantaneous power of 125 MW.This will allow for that 14 linac pulses per second be used for neutron physics and 14 pulses for neutrino physics. For this it will be necessary to double the output power from the linac RF sources and the linac cooling capacity. Modulators, amplifiers and power transfer equipment should be designed for the doubled average power of the linac already during the build-up phase. CERN Neutrino Meeting Tord Ekelöf Uppsala University

35. Lay-out of ESS neutrino beam Of course will need target station and horns which can take 5 MW! p Neutron spallation target ESS linac Neutrino beam H- Target/horn station Accumulator CERN Neutrino Meeting Tord Ekelöf Uppsala University 35

36. Several mines locatedat the second oscillation maximum distance from ESS/Lund available CERN Neutrino Meeting Tord Ekelöf Uppsala University

37. To measure low energy neutrinos a large water Cherenkov detector is required (low neutrino cross section) and sufficient (few inelastic events) • A “Hyperkamiokande” type detector to study; • Neutrinos from accelerators (Super Beam) • but also • Supernovae neutrinos (burst + "relics"), • Solar Neutrinos, • Atmospheric neutrinos, • Geoneutrinos • Proton decay up to ~1035 years life time. • All these other measurements require the detector to be shielded by ~1000 m rock from cosmic ray muons • The MEMPHYS detector of the FP7 LAGUNA project; • Fiducial mass: 440 kt in 3 cylinders 65x65 m • Readout: 3x81k 12” PMTs, 30% geom. cover. • Order of magnitudecost : 700 MEuro CERN Neutrino Meeting Tord Ekelöf Uppsala University 37

38. Low background because of low ν energy Number of νμ->νe oscillation signal (blue) and background (other colors) events for electron neutrinos and anti-neutrinos for 2+8 GeV run as detected in a MEMPHYS type detector after 2 years of neutrino running (left) plus 8 years of antineutrino running (right) with a baseline length of 540 km and 2.5 GeV protons neutrinos anti-neutrinos 38 CERN Neutrino Meeting Tord Ekelöf Uppsala University

39. The signifiance in terms of number of standard deviations with which CP violation could be discovered for δCP-values from -180 to +180 degrees for 2.0 GeV protons CERN Neutrino Meeting Tord Ekelöf Uppsala University

40. Coarse cost estimateUnit: Billion Euro (109 Euro)Upgrading the ESS accelerator 0.1 Accumulator ring 0.2(*Target station 0.2 Detector 0.7 The ESS linac 0.6 --------------------------------------------------Green field project cost 1.8Using the ESS linac -0.6--------------------------------------------------ESS neutrino Super beam project 1.2 (* this cost to possibly be shared with the neutron physics community CERN Neutrino Meeting Tord Ekelöf Uppsala University

41. Neutrinos in the CERN Strategy… • The good news is that the European Strategy identified only 4 top priorities. • The highest priority was the complete exploitation of the LHC. • The other three top priorities (not ranked) were doing R&D on CERN’s next big project, discussing contributions to the ILC, and long-baseline neutrino oscillations. The bad news, however:

42. We are already heavily involved in Hyper-Kamiokande as a natural outgrowth of our activities in T2K. • First European-wide meeting for Hyper Kamiokande was held yesterday at QMUL – 41 registered! • Europeans likely to be heavily involved in near detectors and other systems like electronics and DAQ. • European involvement in HK is essentially certain, we are discussing how much and on what.

43. DG Neutrino Project mandate and recent P5-DG presentation

44. n + charged beams for all experiments MIND LAGUNA-PROTO ~64 meters New detectors? NESSiE Contract for design approved by Finance Committee and Council last week! ICARUS T150

45. Conclusions (I) • A large (~400) and effective European Long-Baseline community exists who have been heavily involved in K2K, MINOS, T2K, ICARUS, OPERA, etc. • Many of these physicists (and many others as well) want to be involved in future activities in this field. • In light of the European Strategy is seems unlikely that a long baseline experiment will be built in Europe in the near term. • European physicists will play a significant part in the design, construction, and operation of the Hyper Kamiokande experiment – more are welcome! • Whatever else happens, we will need hadron production measurements like NA61 and cross-section measurements like nStorm, which will require substantial European investment.

46. Conclusions (II) • A complex negotiation is taking place concerning how Europeans will contribute to the LBNE project, however CERN has been mandated to assist and is showing a strong willingness to do so. • The LAGUNA-LBNO and LBNE collaborations have been conducting high-level discussions concerning merging the collaborations. • The WA104 and WA105 projects at CERN are both aimed at contributing significant European effort to the LBNE far-detector(s), but greater clarification of goals and schedules are needed and discussions continue. • It is clear this area of physics will remain very active – highly significant discoveries remain to be made, and Europeans will help make them! • I haven’t talked about a Neutrino Factory, but that should remain the long-term goal (and therefore we have to finish MICE!)