Peter Newmark

1. Peter Newmark Done by, Rawan Al-Ghamdi Tahani Al-Qahtani Eiman Al-Otaibi Ahlam Al-Sulami Donya AL-Muhatrish Pioneering Theoretician in Translation

2. *One of the most important theorist in the field of translation is:( Peter Newmark) • Purposes of Peter Newmarks' theories are:-to understand it  in order to choose the most relevant one to translate correctly .-to treat the problems that translator faced .- to give some insights into relation between thought , meaning and speaking.

3. an interview with peter newmark: • “To me and I emphasiz only to me the assent of translation is transferring the full meaning of a text from one language to another language for a similar audience. For some cases ,however, translation can be any kind of transferring meaning between languages and the details may not be that important, it depends on what the purpose of the translation is.”

4. peter Newmark • He teaches at the center of translation and language studies at the university of Surrey, where he is Visiting Professor . • He has written books such as Approaches to Translation and A Textbook of Translation. • He received an honours degree in French and German and also English literature. In addition to learning two foreign languages formally , Italian and Spanish. • He is one of the most important theoreticians in the field of translation and a prolific reader and writer.

5. Peter Newmark's dual theory of communicative and semantic methods of translation.

6. The Communicative translation • The Communicative translation attempts to render the exact meaning of the original text in such a way that the readers may not find difficulties in understanding the message of the translated text. • In communicative translation, therefore, the translator can generously transfer the foreign element in the SL into the culture of the TL where necessary. • This type of translation is best used for general argumentative and scientific texts, by which Newmark call it informative and vocative texts.

7. The semantic translation • The semantic translation attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original text by taking more account of the aesthetic values and expressive component of the original text, such as peculiar choice of words, figurative language, metaphors, etc. • This type of translation is best used for imaginative literatures, by which Newmark call it expressive texts.

8. the differences between :Communicative t. and semantic t. • Reader-centred. • Pursues author's intention. • Adapts and makes the thought and cultural content of original text more accessible to the reader. • freer. • Effective. • Easy reading, more natural, smoother, simpler, clearer, more direct, more conventional, conforming to particular register of language, but longer. • Author-Centred. • Pursues author's thought process • Concerned with author as individual. • more literal. • Informative. • Usually more awkward, more detailed, more complex, but briefer.

9. Other aspects • The translator has to establish priorities in selecting which varieties of meaning to transfer in the first place. For that he has to use his creativity, particularly when he is forced to distort the target language introducing new elements of another culture. • Newmark gives literal translation priority in both communicative and semantic translation. Only where semantic translation risks equivalent effect or leads to unidiomatic structures should communicative translation be applied.

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