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Mammalian Reproductive Strategies

Mammalian Reproductive Strategies. Prototheria (monotremes). Metatheria (marsupials). Eutheria (placentals). Patterns of Social Behavior. Sociability: important characteristic for most primates Continuous interactions among a group of individuals. Advantages of Group Living.

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Mammalian Reproductive Strategies

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  1. Mammalian Reproductive Strategies

  2. Prototheria (monotremes)

  3. Metatheria (marsupials)

  4. Eutheria (placentals)

  5. Patterns of Social Behavior Sociability: important characteristic for most primates Continuous interactions among a group of individuals

  6. Advantages of Group Living • 1. Observational learning. • Reduces necessity of individual trial-and-error learning. • 2. Possibile genetic resistance to disease and parasites. • 3. Efficient location of food resources • 4. Increases the reproductive fitness of group members.

  7. Social groupings

  8. What kind of social grouping?

  9. Polygyny: one reproductively mature (RM) male, several RM females Gelada baboon

  10. Lip retraction: threat display

  11. Individuals are solitary • Males are intolerant of one another. • Single male establishes a large territory. • Contains several females • Each female has her own separate home range

  12. Polygyny • Extensive home ranges

  13. Multi-male; multi-female groups Overlapping territories

  14. Multi-male, multi-female groups • Non-aggressive

  15. Human societies extremely diverse • Monogamy • Polygamy • polygyny and polyandry • For most of human evolution - and for most women in the world today, menstruation is a rare occurrence • Repetitive pregnancies and long periods of lactation

  16. Fundamental intersexual reproductive strategies • Female. • Maximize resources available to her and her offspring. • Female primates spend most of their adult lives pregnant, lactating, and caring for offspring. • High energy demands. • Male. • Produce many offspring and make sure they are yours. • Non-human primates: androgen levels fluctuate in response to female receptivity.

  17. Mammalian female reproductive cycle Female primates Hormonal suppression of sexual cycles

  18. Nonhuman Cultural Behavior • Learned behavior shared between generations. t • Chimpanzees: tool use • Spearing of bushbabies • Termite fishing with modified stems and twigs. • Have a preconceived idea of what the finished tool needs to be in order to be useful. • May make the tool in advance of the opportunity for use. • Preparing for the future. Requires planning and forethought.

  19. Meat component of chimpanzee diet

  20. Bone review

  21. Genetic similarities and differences Human and ape chromosomes

  22. A phyletic classification of families

  23. mtDNA 4,700 base sequence Genes for 11 tRNAs 6 proteins Human-chimpanzee relationship 1023 more likely than Chimpanzee-gorilla relationship Y DNA Base sequence for Testis-specific protein Y Autosomal DNA Base sequence of Beta-globin gene cluster

  24. A cladistic classification of families

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