1 / 35

Taxonomy of Cognitive Educational Objectives. The taxonomy is hierarchical: 1. Knowledge – ability to recall previousl

Taxonomy of Cognitive Educational Objectives. The taxonomy is hierarchical: 1. Knowledge – ability to recall previously learned material. 2. Comprehension - ability to grasp the meaning of the material; ability to explain, summarize, predict consequences.

victoria
Download Presentation

Taxonomy of Cognitive Educational Objectives. The taxonomy is hierarchical: 1. Knowledge – ability to recall previousl

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Taxonomy of Cognitive Educational Objectives. The taxonomy is hierarchical: 1. Knowledge – ability to recall previously learned material. 2. Comprehension - ability to grasp the meaning of the material; ability to explain, summarize, predict consequences. 3. Application – ability to use material in new situations. 4. Analysis – ability to break down material into component parts, recognize organizing principles. 5. Synthesis – ability to put parts together to form a new whole. 6. Evaluation – ability to judge the value of material based on definite criteria. Knowledge is the lowest level of learning; Evaluation is the highest

  2. 1. Method 2. Hypothesis 3. Testable predictions 4. Skepticism 5. Progressive enterprise: Verification/Falsifiability 6. Destination/Journey

  3. Science moves forward as much by critiquing the conclusions of others, as by making novel discoveries Stephen J. Gould

  4. Overview of Chemotaxis

  5. Stimulus - Response • Environmental stimuli • Signal receiver • Signal sensor (Kinase) • Phospho-relay • Response regulator (RR) • Response

  6. Sensor (Kinase) Response Regulator (RR) Two-component Signaling

  7. Pfeffer assay

  8. Chemotatic response of Salmonella 10 mM L-serine 10 mM phenol Rubik et al, PNAS 75:2820-4, 1978

  9. Tracks of swimming bacteria

  10. Swimming bacteria • http://www.rowland.org/labs/bacteria/showmovie.php?mov=swimming_ecoli

  11. Darkfield movie of motile E. coli http://www.fbs.osaka-u.ac.jp/labs/namba/npn/index.html

  12. Tumbling Running

  13. Swimming bacteria • http://www.rowland.org/labs/bacteria/showmovie.php?mov=fluo_fil_leave

  14. Namba movies 1, 5 Building a flagellum without from within Driving the motor with PMF

  15. Organization of flagellar genes of S. typhimurium into five clusters

  16. EnvZ kinase OmpR~P Glucose Osmolarity Heat Shock

  17. Tracks of swimming bacteria

  18. A matter of tumble frequency

  19. Stimulus - Response • Environmental stimuli • Signal receiver • Signal sensor (Kinase) • Phospho-relay • Response regulator (RR) • Response

  20. The chemotaxis signaling pathway in E. coli/Salmonella

  21. Different types of chemotaxis receptors: they are clustered at one or the other pole

  22. Cryo-tomography

  23. MCP (methyl accepting chemotaxis proteins)

  24. Chemotactic two-component system Excitation Tumbling OM CM CM OM Kinase activation CW ATP ADP M CheY Repellents CheA CheW P MCP P Smooth Swimming OM CM CM OM CCW Kinase inhbition M CheY CheA Attractants CheW MCP Macnab R. M. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 2003

  25. Adaptation OM CheR CM OM CM ATP ADP +CH3 M CheY CheA CheW -CH3 P P CheZ P CheB P

  26. Sequential activation and adaptation (via methylation) of a chemoreceptor

  27. Hazelbauer et al 2008

  28. Phenotypes of che mutants OM CheR CM OM CM ATP ADP Repellents +CH3 M CheY CheA CheW -CH3 P P Attractants CheZ P CheB P

  29. Plate assay for chemotaxis

  30. Phenotypes of che mutants∆cheA, ∆cheY OM CheR CM OM CM CCW ATP ADP Repellents +CH3 M CheW -CH3 Attractants CheZ CheB Smooth Swimming

  31. Phenotypes of che mutants∆cheR OM CM OM CM CCW ATP ADP Repellents +CH3 M CheY CheA CheW -CH3 Attractants CheZ CheB Smooth Swimming

  32. Phenotypes of che mutants∆cheB, ∆cheZ OM CheR CM OM CM CW ATP ADP Repellents +CH3 M CheY CheA CheW -CH3 P P Attractants Tumbling

  33. Summary • Bacteria move by rotating flagella • CW: tumbling; CCW: running • Chemotaxis pathway • MCPs: receive the chemical signals • CheA: sensor, kinase; • CheR: methylation; CheB: demethylation • CheY: RR, interacts with flagella motor • CheY+P: CW; CheY-P: CCW • CheZ: dephosphorylation • Phenotypes of ∆che mutants • ∆cheA,Y,R: smooth swimming; ∆cheB,Z: tumbling

More Related