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The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes

The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes. Chapter 31. Learning Objective 1. What are the shared derived characters of deuterostomes ?. Deuterostomes 1. Include echinoderms, hemichordates, chordates Hemichordates (acorn worms) marine deuterostomes three-part body (proboscis, collar, trunk).

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The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes

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  1. The Animal Kingdom:The Deuterostomes Chapter 31

  2. Learning Objective 1 • What are the shared derived characters of deuterostomes?

  3. Deuterostomes1 • Include echinoderms, hemichordates, chordates • Hemichordates (acorn worms) • marine deuterostomes • three-part body (proboscis, collar, trunk)

  4. Deuterostomes2 • Shared derived characters • radial, indeterminate cleavage • blastopore becomes anus • larva have a loop-shaped ciliated band used for locomotion

  5. KEY CONCEPTS • The echinoderms and the chordates are the two most successful deuterostome lineages in terms of diversity, number of species, and number of individuals

  6. Learning Objective 2 • What are three shared derived characters of echinoderms? • Describe the main classes of echinoderms

  7. PhylumEchinodermata • Marine animals with • spiny “skin” • water vascular system • tube feet • endoskeleton • Larvae exhibit bilateral symmetry • Most adults exhibit pentaradial symmetry

  8. Sea Star Body Plan

  9. Stomach Digestive gland Tube feet Anus Ampulla Spine Gonad Dermal gill Pedicellariae Fig. 31-2a, p. 670

  10. ClassCrinoidea • Sea lilies, feather stars • oral surface turned upward • some crinoids are sessile

  11. ClassAsteroidea • Sea stars • central disc with five or more arms • use tube feet for locomotion

  12. ClassOphiuroidea • Brittle stars • arms longer, more slender than sea stars • arms more distinct from central disc • use arms for locomotion • tube feet lack suckers

  13. ClassEchinoidea • Sea urchins, sand dollars • lack arms • have a solid shell • are covered with spines

  14. ClassHolothuroidea • Sea cucumbers • elongated flexible bodies • circle of modified tube feet surrounds mouth

  15. Fig. 31-1, p. 669

  16. KEY CONCEPTS • Echinoderms are characterized by radial symmetry in adults, a water vascular system, tube feet, and spiny skin

  17. Learning Objective 3 • What are five shared derived characters of chordates?

  18. PhylumChordata 1 • Subphylum Urochordata • Subphylum Cephalochordata • Subphylum Vertebrata

  19. Chordate Evolution

  20. PhylumChordata 2 • At some time during life cycle have • flexible, supporting notochord • dorsal, tubular nerve cord • pharyngeal (gill) slits • muscular postanal tail • endostyle (or thyroid gland)

  21. Chordate Body Plan

  22. Dorsal, tubular nerve cord Brain Postanal tail Notochord Mouth Pharynx Anus Pharyngeal (gill) slits Muscular segments Intestine Heart Fig. 31-4, p. 671

  23. KEY CONCEPTS • At some time in its life, a chordate has a notochord; dorsal, tubular nerve cord; pharyngeal slits; and a muscular postanal tail

  24. Learning Objective 4 • What are the invertebrate chordate subphyla?

  25. SubphylumUrochordata • Tunicates • marine animals with tunics • suspension-feeders • Larvae are free swimming • Most adults are sessile

  26. Tunicate Body Plan

  27. Chordata Cephalochordata (lancelets) Echinodermata (sea stars, sea urchins) Hemichordata (acorn worms) Urochordata (tunicates) Vertebrata Deuterostome ancestor Fig. 31-5a, p. 672

  28. Incurrent siphon Ganglion Oral tentacles Excurrent siphon Pharynx with slits Atrium Endostyle Tunic Intestine Esophagus Testis Digestive gland Ovary Stomach Heart Fig. 31-5b, p. 672

  29. 0.5 mm Fig. 31-5c, p. 672

  30. Incurrent opening Pharynx with slits Atrium Excurrent opening Nerve cord Adhesive papilla Notochord Heart Stomach Fig. 31-5d, p. 672

  31. SubphylumCephalochordata • Lancelets • small, segmented, fishlike animals

  32. Chordata Echinodermata (sea stars, sea urchins) Cephalochordata (lancelets) Hemichordata (acorn worms) Urochordata (tunicates) Vertebrata Deuterostome ancestor Fig. 31-6 (1), p. 673

  33. Tentacles Nerve cord Pharyngeal slits Notochord Caudal fin Intestine Tentacles Endostyle Atrium Gonads Atriopore Anus Fig. 31-6 (a-b), p. 673

  34. Learn more about the body plans of the deuterostomes by clicking on the figures in ThomsonNOW.

  35. Learning Objective 5 • Discuss the evolution of chordates

  36. Evolution ofChordates • Urochordates (tunicates) • probably first chordates to evolve • Subphyla Cephalochordata and Vertebrata • sister taxa (recent common ancestor)

  37. Vertebrate Evolution

  38. Explore the evolutionary relationships of vertebrates by clicking on the figure in ThomsonNOW.

  39. Learning Objective 6 • What are four shared derived characters of vertebrates?

  40. Vertebrates 1 • Vertebral column • chief skeletal axis of body • Cranium • braincase • Neural crest cells • determine development of many structures

  41. Vertebrates 2 • Pronounced cephalization • Complex brain • Muscles attached to endoskeleton for movement

  42. KEY CONCEPTS • Shared derived characters of vertebrates include a vertebral column, cranium, neural crest cells, and an endoskeleton of cartilage or bone

  43. Learning Objective 7 • What is the difference between the major groups of jawless fishes?

  44. Jawless Fishes 1 • Ostracoderms (extinct) • among earliest known vertebrates • Agnathans (hagfishes) • class Myxini • Lampreys • class Cephalaspidomorphi

  45. Hagfish

  46. Lampreys

  47. Hagfishes • Have no trace of vertebrae • Why are they classified as vertebrates? • Some systematists classify vertebrates plus hagfishes as craniates (Craniata) • But molecular data support classifying hagfishes as vertebrates

  48. Jawless Fishes 2 • Jaws and paired fins absent • in both hagfishes and lampreys • Hagfishes • marine scavengers • secrete slime as a defense mechanism • Lampreys • many are parasites on other fishes

  49. Learning Objective 8 • Trace the evolution of jawed fishes and early tetrapods • Identify major taxa of jawed fishes and amphibians

  50. Class Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous Fishes) • Includes sharks, rays, skates • Cartilaginous fishes have • jaws • two pairs of fins • placoid scales

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