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De religieuze connectie

De religieuze connectie. Cognitive engineering II. Engineering of Human Cognition.. The Arjan Veringa connection. Perception. cognition. action. Strategies in (spastic) communication. . Abstract word use (Levelt, Clark

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De religieuze connectie

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    24. Output van de analyse (Praat) Proefpersoon-code: x blij N: 746 Median: 159.388862017289 Mean: 182.432672604596 Standard deviation: 111.00171688755 Quantile 90%: 397.418566040441 Quantile 10%: 92.519650497537 delta Quantile: 304.898915542904 Proefpersoon-code: x droevig N: 887 Median: 104.337808816211 Mean: 135.257805012306 Standard deviation: 109.78115403165 Quantile 90%: 132.530147765804 Quantile 10%: 87.3119374482499 delta Quantile: 45.2182103175541 Proefpersoon-code: x delta's delta mean: 47.17486759229 delta standaard deviation: 1.22056285589999 Variabiliteit: 259.680705225349

    43. Picture word interference bear

    47. Optimising human-computer interaction Multimedia environments Non-speech audio Human-human communication as a starting point The Stroop/Simon paradigm: how are primary info streams influenced by secondary info streams. A main task: e.g. pointing in a direction, categorising a picture. A secondary (competing) task: presence of a stimulus aspect. A what task: Introduction

    48. Earcons Major Minor

    49. Results Combined What and Where in one View

    50. Picture word interference bear

    51. Picture word interference II

    52. Picture Sound categorisation paradigm Visual categorisation Categorisation similar to working with interface pictures (where) animals non-animals or musical instruments additional earcons (what) and auditory icons (where) trials in blocks congruent incongruent neutral

    53. Auditory Icons. Congruent animal major non-animal minor Incongruent animal minor non-animal major Neutral animal major/minor non-animal major/minor Blocks

    54. Earcons

    55. Results Earcons

    56. Auditory Icons Examples

    57. Results Auditory Icons

    58. Results Combined

    59. Different levels of processing feature based/examplar level animals do that (where) rule based/conceptual level animals hardly do that (what) Different effects of visual categorisation facilitation inhibition Conclusions

    60. Visuele en auditieve integratie

    61. The task set perspective: "Adopting such a set is to select, link and configure the elements of a chain of processes that will accomplish a task …. In everyday life, we constantly configure and reconfigure elements from our repertoire of cognitive operations and representational capacities to perform now one task, now another (Rogers and Monsell, 1995". Dual task: Two configurations Active. Mutual interference measures (RT, errors, mental load) index joint use of resources and endogenous scheduling. General rule: Avoid joint use of resources (e.g. experienced driving and talking) Stroop task: interference and facilitation measures index relative activation of secondary task with respect to primary task: the possibility to inhibit (perceptual) urges. General rule: avoid competitive secondary information, and especially information that is strongly cued with respect to the same response channel.

    69. Switching between tasks. Task Switch research studies the configuration and reconfiguration of task sets. For every digit string, repeatedly name the digits in the string, in the next string count them etc. 444 66 3333 8 99999 00 111 444 66 3333 8 99999 00 111 444 66 3333 8 99999 00 111 Repeatedly, for every digit string count the characters and name the digits. aaaa 7777 fff 9 ggg 44 j 2222 kkkk aaaa 7777 fff 9 ggg 44 j 2222 kkkk 999 iii In dual tasks and stroop task no reconfiguration of task sets. Task switch costs index (we think) the deactivation of one task configuration and the activation of the other. It is the task set with the greatest activation that executes the response. Not you.

    86.

    87. HRV-data not as expected. Single task Press button on Screen, be accurate and fast. Double task : Button has a different letters on top. Count the occurrences of the different letters while pressing the button, be accurate and fast. Results performance data (RT/ERRORS) as Expected Results op HRV not as expected: Expected: single task generates relatively low workload and thus a high HRV while the double task has a high mental load with low HRV. Data: single task low variability (= high mental load), doubbll task high variability (= low mental load) Mental workload is subject to research for many years. And ever since it is difficult to give conclusive description of the term mental workload. An academic description is the amount of cognitive resources used, or mental effort invested. But more popular we would like to say: how much thinking is going on. Or how concentrated or alert are people. This definition will be used during the presentation. Now that we know what mental workload is, we can return to our original question and focus on how can we measure mental workload. During the previous years three techniques have been used. - Questionnaires are probably well known. (noem plus en min punten op) - In secondary task performance, the mental loaded task is the primary task. During task performance subjects also have to perform a secondary task. This task is not connected with the primary task. Higher mental load on the primary task will result in performance deterioration of the secondary task. (noem plus en min punten op) - Last method are physiological measures, were mental workload is related to physiological changes. (noem plus en min punten op). In this project we focus on these last measures because laboratory studies have shown great results. They have shown to be objective and reproducible in mentally loaded situations. However the methods used in laboratories are jet not very particle because of the equipment they use and the highly controlled environments that are used, that differ very much from real life.Mental workload is subject to research for many years. And ever since it is difficult to give conclusive description of the term mental workload. An academic description is the amount of cognitive resources used, or mental effort invested. But more popular we would like to say: how much thinking is going on. Or how concentrated or alert are people. This definition will be used during the presentation. Now that we know what mental workload is, we can return to our original question and focus on how can we measure mental workload. During the previous years three techniques have been used. - Questionnaires are probably well known. (noem plus en min punten op) - In secondary task performance, the mental loaded task is the primary task. During task performance subjects also have to perform a secondary task. This task is not connected with the primary task. Higher mental load on the primary task will result in performance deterioration of the secondary task. (noem plus en min punten op) - Last method are physiological measures, were mental workload is related to physiological changes. (noem plus en min punten op). In this project we focus on these last measures because laboratory studies have shown great results. They have shown to be objective and reproducible in mentally loaded situations. However the methods used in laboratories are jet not very particle because of the equipment they use and the highly controlled environments that are used, that differ very much from real life.

    88. Neuromotor Noise Mental, emotional and physical load generate more activity in the nervous system. Part of that activity is noise, random fluctuations in activity that are superimposed on the signal. Symptoms: Noise may and disturb the execution of motor tasks. Symptoms: less accuracy, trembling etc. Adaptation: Filtering of the noise to preserve the signal noise ration and to execute the movement within parameters. Filtering mechanisms: Speed up performance. Co-contraction of muscles, introducing stiffens in the limb and thus more accurate movement. Lean on something. Grip force is part of the neuro-motor noise theory and This theory is developed in the motor-movement field, so everything focuses on movement basically it comes down to this: mental workload and physical stress lead to higher levels of pen pressure, if holding a pencil.. Less basically it works like this: stress leads to activity in the nervous system, and partially this will be unwanted activity, also called noise. Noise leads to deterioration of movement. You start trembling and chances decrease that you will hit your aim, unless you do something about this noise. If this noise would be on the telephone line we would start shouting. With movement we found some other solution, we increase the speed of the movement. This is accomplished by stiffer muscles that are also less influenced by trembling. This can also result in higher forces that are applied to objects held in your hand, but the main result is higher speed. Sometimes speeding up is not the best solution. In these situations stiffer muscles are accomplished by adding co-contraction. This means that both agonist and antagonist muscles are tensed. This can be compared with driving while braking, you drive very slow, can see everything, but lets hope the gas-station is nearby. Using co-contraction is helpful because it has slow movement speed, is very accurate, but it also diminishes blood flow and if applied for long periods of time without relaxing the muscles, this could lead to serious trouble. It could add to the risk of repetitive strain injury. But for short periods of time it is a very helpful strategy. All the energy in the muscles is not used for speed, but will mainly result in forces applied to the objects held in hand. So when … laatste puntGrip force is part of the neuro-motor noise theory and This theory is developed in the motor-movement field, so everything focuses on movement basically it comes down to this: mental workload and physical stress lead to higher levels of pen pressure, if holding a pencil.. Less basically it works like this: stress leads to activity in the nervous system, and partially this will be unwanted activity, also called noise. Noise leads to deterioration of movement. You start trembling and chances decrease that you will hit your aim, unless you do something about this noise. If this noise would be on the telephone line we would start shouting. With movement we found some other solution, we increase the speed of the movement. This is accomplished by stiffer muscles that are also less influenced by trembling. This can also result in higher forces that are applied to objects held in your hand, but the main result is higher speed. Sometimes speeding up is not the best solution. In these situations stiffer muscles are accomplished by adding co-contraction. This means that both agonist and antagonist muscles are tensed. This can be compared with driving while braking, you drive very slow, can see everything, but lets hope the gas-station is nearby. Using co-contraction is helpful because it has slow movement speed, is very accurate, but it also diminishes blood flow and if applied for long periods of time without relaxing the muscles, this could lead to serious trouble. It could add to the risk of repetitive strain injury. But for short periods of time it is a very helpful strategy. All the energy in the muscles is not used for speed, but will mainly result in forces applied to the objects held in hand. So when … laatste punt

    90.

    94. HRV-data not as expected. Single task Press button on Screen, be accurate and fast. Double task : Button has a different letters on top. Count the occurrences of the different letters while pressing the button, be accurate and fast. Results performance data (RT/ERRORS) as Expected Results op HRV not as expected: Expected: single task generates relatively low workload and thus a high HRV while the double task has a high mental load with low HRV. Data: single task low variability (= high mental load), double task high variability (= low mental load) Mental workload is subject to research for many years. And ever since it is difficult to give conclusive description of the term mental workload. An academic description is the amount of cognitive resources used, or mental effort invested. But more popular we would like to say: how much thinking is going on. Or how concentrated or alert are people. This definition will be used during the presentation. Now that we know what mental workload is, we can return to our original question and focus on how can we measure mental workload. During the previous years three techniques have been used. - Questionnaires are probably well known. (noem plus en min punten op) - In secondary task performance, the mental loaded task is the primary task. During task performance subjects also have to perform a secondary task. This task is not connected with the primary task. Higher mental load on the primary task will result in performance deterioration of the secondary task. (noem plus en min punten op) - Last method are physiological measures, were mental workload is related to physiological changes. (noem plus en min punten op). In this project we focus on these last measures because laboratory studies have shown great results. They have shown to be objective and reproducible in mentally loaded situations. However the methods used in laboratories are jet not very particle because of the equipment they use and the highly controlled environments that are used, that differ very much from real life.Mental workload is subject to research for many years. And ever since it is difficult to give conclusive description of the term mental workload. An academic description is the amount of cognitive resources used, or mental effort invested. But more popular we would like to say: how much thinking is going on. Or how concentrated or alert are people. This definition will be used during the presentation. Now that we know what mental workload is, we can return to our original question and focus on how can we measure mental workload. During the previous years three techniques have been used. - Questionnaires are probably well known. (noem plus en min punten op) - In secondary task performance, the mental loaded task is the primary task. During task performance subjects also have to perform a secondary task. This task is not connected with the primary task. Higher mental load on the primary task will result in performance deterioration of the secondary task. (noem plus en min punten op) - Last method are physiological measures, were mental workload is related to physiological changes. (noem plus en min punten op). In this project we focus on these last measures because laboratory studies have shown great results. They have shown to be objective and reproducible in mentally loaded situations. However the methods used in laboratories are jet not very particle because of the equipment they use and the highly controlled environments that are used, that differ very much from real life.

    96. Neuromotor Noise Mental, emotional and physical load generate activity in the nervous system. Part of that activity is noise, random fluctuations in activity that are superimposed on the signal. Symptoms: Noise may disturb the execution of motor tasks. Symptoms: less accuracy, trembling etc. Adaptation: Filtering of the noise to preserve the signal noise ration and to execute the movement within parameters. Filtering mechanisms: Speed up performance. Co-contraction of muscles, introducing stiffens in the limb and thus more accurate movement. Lean on something/someone. Grip force is part of the neuro-motor noise theory and This theory is developed in the motor-movement field, so everything focuses on movement basically it comes down to this: mental workload and physical stress lead to higher levels of pen pressure, if holding a pencil.. Less basically it works like this: stress leads to activity in the nervous system, and partially this will be unwanted activity, also called noise. Noise leads to deterioration of movement. You start trembling and chances decrease that you will hit your aim, unless you do something about this noise. If this noise would be on the telephone line we would start shouting. With movement we found some other solution, we increase the speed of the movement. This is accomplished by stiffer muscles that are also less influenced by trembling. This can also result in higher forces that are applied to objects held in your hand, but the main result is higher speed. Sometimes speeding up is not the best solution. In these situations stiffer muscles are accomplished by adding co-contraction. This means that both agonist and antagonist muscles are tensed. This can be compared with driving while braking, you drive very slow, can see everything, but lets hope the gas-station is nearby. Using co-contraction is helpful because it has slow movement speed, is very accurate, but it also diminishes blood flow and if applied for long periods of time without relaxing the muscles, this could lead to serious trouble. It could add to the risk of repetitive strain injury. But for short periods of time it is a very helpful strategy. All the energy in the muscles is not used for speed, but will mainly result in forces applied to the objects held in hand. So when … laatste puntGrip force is part of the neuro-motor noise theory and This theory is developed in the motor-movement field, so everything focuses on movement basically it comes down to this: mental workload and physical stress lead to higher levels of pen pressure, if holding a pencil.. Less basically it works like this: stress leads to activity in the nervous system, and partially this will be unwanted activity, also called noise. Noise leads to deterioration of movement. You start trembling and chances decrease that you will hit your aim, unless you do something about this noise. If this noise would be on the telephone line we would start shouting. With movement we found some other solution, we increase the speed of the movement. This is accomplished by stiffer muscles that are also less influenced by trembling. This can also result in higher forces that are applied to objects held in your hand, but the main result is higher speed. Sometimes speeding up is not the best solution. In these situations stiffer muscles are accomplished by adding co-contraction. This means that both agonist and antagonist muscles are tensed. This can be compared with driving while braking, you drive very slow, can see everything, but lets hope the gas-station is nearby. Using co-contraction is helpful because it has slow movement speed, is very accurate, but it also diminishes blood flow and if applied for long periods of time without relaxing the muscles, this could lead to serious trouble. It could add to the risk of repetitive strain injury. But for short periods of time it is a very helpful strategy. All the energy in the muscles is not used for speed, but will mainly result in forces applied to the objects held in hand. So when … laatste punt

    97. Squeeze mouse In use no difference with normal mouse: Direct measure Unobtrusive Enables registration of mental stress during the execution of natural tasks. Co-contraction may play a role in the aetiology of stress related motor problems such as RSI. No indirect measure such as number of movement or time at the interface. The actual pressure on the mouse is measured. So we want to measure the force that users apply to the mouse. One does have two strategies for this. The first is measuring the muscles directly, this results in EMG, which is a very accurate measure. But this means that you have to put electrodes on the users muscles, that takes a lot of time, because muscles can be very hard to ‘find’ so you need to have some medical knowledge or medical assistance during the experiment. As we try to find more practical ways to measure these things, we developed a mouse that is sensitive to pressure, but still able to work. The picture shows the inside of the mouse, because that is the most interesting side of the mouse. On the outside there is no difference. Compared to other equipment this is even easier for the researcher, and no medical knowledge is necessary. - explain short how it works. This is a prototype and there are some problems with this mouse. One is for example that it is very difficult to calibrate, and so we are unable to say how many grams a user has applied to the mouse. So we want to measure the force that users apply to the mouse. One does have two strategies for this. The first is measuring the muscles directly, this results in EMG, which is a very accurate measure. But this means that you have to put electrodes on the users muscles, that takes a lot of time, because muscles can be very hard to ‘find’ so you need to have some medical knowledge or medical assistance during the experiment. As we try to find more practical ways to measure these things, we developed a mouse that is sensitive to pressure, but still able to work. The picture shows the inside of the mouse, because that is the most interesting side of the mouse. On the outside there is no difference. Compared to other equipment this is even easier for the researcher, and no medical knowledge is necessary. - explain short how it works. This is a prototype and there are some problems with this mouse. One is for example that it is very difficult to calibrate, and so we are unable to say how many grams a user has applied to the mouse.

    98. Results Grip Force on Squeeze Mouse More grip force in single tasks. No effect of pacing. No interaction effect effect. Dual task seems more relaxing. Confirms HRV data Task speed different for single task and double task. Post hoc: Find regression of speed on pressure Detail analysis of segments in movement #, p< .000 Again we were surprised by the results, but this time on the grip force results. As we would expect co-contraction to be a part of the dual task, we would expect higher grip force values on this task. Surprisingly we found higher values for the single task. Pacing seamed to have no difference on the grip force. This could be because movement speed was increased. So again if the dual task would really be the mentally loaded task, we would have expected higher grip force values in this situation. But we were surprised before on this task, wasn’t it. So the grip force data are in line with the HRV data. Again we were surprised by the results, but this time on the grip force results. As we would expect co-contraction to be a part of the dual task, we would expect higher grip force values on this task. Surprisingly we found higher values for the single task. Pacing seamed to have no difference on the grip force. This could be because movement speed was increased. So again if the dual task would really be the mentally loaded task, we would have expected higher grip force values in this situation. But we were surprised before on this task, wasn’t it. So the grip force data are in line with the HRV data.

    100. Squeeze mouse Real life, ecologically valid In use no difference with normal mouse. Enables registration of mental stress during the execution of natural tasks. Co-contraction may play a role in the aetiology of stress related motor problems such as RSI. Direct measure: conceptual valid. No indirect measure such as number of movement or time at the interface. The actual pressure on the mouse is measured. Prototype problems Hard to calibrate. Stable within a session, not over longer periods of time. So we want to measure the force that users apply to the mouse. One does have two strategies for this. The first is measuring the muscles directly, this results in EMG, which is a very accurate measure. But this means that you have to put electrodes on the users muscles, that takes a lot of time, because muscles can be very hard to ‘find’ so you need to have some medical knowledge or medical assistance during the experiment. As we try to find more practical ways to measure these things, we developed a mouse that is sensitive to pressure, but still able to work. The picture shows the inside of the mouse, because that is the most interesting side of the mouse. On the outside there is no difference. Compared to other equipment this is even easier for the researcher, and no medical knowledge is necessary. - explain short how it works. This is a prototype and there are some problems with this mouse. One is for example that it is very difficult to calibrate, and so we are unable to say how many grams a user has applied to the mouse. So we want to measure the force that users apply to the mouse. One does have two strategies for this. The first is measuring the muscles directly, this results in EMG, which is a very accurate measure. But this means that you have to put electrodes on the users muscles, that takes a lot of time, because muscles can be very hard to ‘find’ so you need to have some medical knowledge or medical assistance during the experiment. As we try to find more practical ways to measure these things, we developed a mouse that is sensitive to pressure, but still able to work. The picture shows the inside of the mouse, because that is the most interesting side of the mouse. On the outside there is no difference. Compared to other equipment this is even easier for the researcher, and no medical knowledge is necessary. - explain short how it works. This is a prototype and there are some problems with this mouse. One is for example that it is very difficult to calibrate, and so we are unable to say how many grams a user has applied to the mouse.

    101. Results Performance Data This lead to the expected performance data. Time was still shorter for the single task, and of course users were quicker in the machine-paced task. Interesting is that we forced the users to work 10% faster in the machine-paced task compared to the self-paced task. In the machine-paced single task the total reaction time in the end was 13% faster. However for the dual task, subjects were able to decrease task completion time with 28%, 18% more than we asked for. This is even more surprising if we take a look at the pointing errors that were made. Still the number of errors was high in the single task. The increase however was dramatic for the machine-paced single task. So the effects of pacing were minor on the task completion time in the single task (only small decrease in task completion time) but major on the errors. This was exactly the reverse for the dual task. Major decrease in task completion time, but small effects on the errors. This supports our idea that the pace for the single task is high in nature and very slow in the dual task.This lead to the expected performance data. Time was still shorter for the single task, and of course users were quicker in the machine-paced task. Interesting is that we forced the users to work 10% faster in the machine-paced task compared to the self-paced task. In the machine-paced single task the total reaction time in the end was 13% faster. However for the dual task, subjects were able to decrease task completion time with 28%, 18% more than we asked for. This is even more surprising if we take a look at the pointing errors that were made. Still the number of errors was high in the single task. The increase however was dramatic for the machine-paced single task. So the effects of pacing were minor on the task completion time in the single task (only small decrease in task completion time) but major on the errors. This was exactly the reverse for the dual task. Major decrease in task completion time, but small effects on the errors. This supports our idea that the pace for the single task is high in nature and very slow in the dual task.

    102. Results HRV Lower HRV for single task** no effect of pacing and interaction similar results as previous experiments **, p< .05 Hrv data only support what we already expect, lower variability on the single task. There was also no effect of pacing on the hrv-data.Hrv data only support what we already expect, lower variability on the single task. There was also no effect of pacing on the hrv-data.

    103. Results Grip Force on Squeeze Mouse More grip force in single tasks. No effect of pacing. No interaction effect effect. Dual task seems more relaxing. Confirms HRV data Task speed different for single task and double task. Post hoc: Find regression of speed on pressure Detail analysis of segments in movement #, p< .000 Again we were surprised by the results, but this time on the grip force results. As we would expect co-contraction to be a part of the dual task, we would expect higher grip force values on this task. Surprisingly we found higher values for the single task. Pacing seamed to have no difference on the grip force. This could be because movement speed was increased. So again if the dual task would really be the mentally loaded task, we would have expected higher grip force values in this situation. But we were surprised before on this task, wasn’t it. So the grip force data are in line with the HRV data. Again we were surprised by the results, but this time on the grip force results. As we would expect co-contraction to be a part of the dual task, we would expect higher grip force values on this task. Surprisingly we found higher values for the single task. Pacing seamed to have no difference on the grip force. This could be because movement speed was increased. So again if the dual task would really be the mentally loaded task, we would have expected higher grip force values in this situation. But we were surprised before on this task, wasn’t it. So the grip force data are in line with the HRV data.

    104. Results Post Hoc Regression analysis R (and R²) for double tasks higher Equal speed gain ‘costs’ more force in double tasks

    105. Conclusion HRV data and Grip Force data measure the same construct with respect to the tasks HRV is useful for non motor tasks but is not easy to apply Grip force as measured by the squeeze mouse seems a useful device for “safe” mousing. Where and what types of action (counting and moving) can influence one another in a double task Measurements with Mouse feed back into the neuro motor noise theorie: modulates the relevance with respect to practical applications.

    110. Visuele en auditieve integratie

    111. The task set perspective: "Adopting such a set is to select, link and configure the elements of a chain of processes that will accomplish a task …. In everyday life, we constantly configure and reconfigure elements from our repertoire of cognitive operations and representational capacities to perform now one task, now another (Rogers and Monsell, 1995". Dual task: Two configurations Active. Mutual interference measures (RT, errors, mental load) index joint use of resources and endogenous scheduling. General rule: Avoid joint use of resources (e.g. experienced driving and talking) Stroop task: interference and facilitation measures index relative activation of secondary task with respect to primary task: the possibility to inhibit (perceptual) urges. General rule: avoid competitive secondary information, and especially information that is strongly cued with respect to the same response channel.

    112. Switching between tasks. Task Switch research studies the configuration and reconfiguration of task sets. For every digit string, repeatedly name the digits in the string, in the next string count them etc. 444 66 3333 8 99999 00 111 444 66 3333 8 99999 00 111 444 66 3333 8 99999 00 111 Repeatedly, for every digit string count the characters and name the digits. aaaa 7777 fff 9 ggg 44 j 2222 kkkk aaaa 7777 fff 9 ggg 44 j 2222 kkkk 999 iii In dual tasks and stroop task no reconfiguration of task sets. Task switch costs index (we think) the deactivation of one task configuration and the activation of the other. It is the task set with the greatest activation that executes the response. Not you.

    113. Trauma & Taal (PTST). Kun. Klinische ?, N.I.C.I - HRF, Fysiology Method: integration Through Exposure. Compare to “emdr” Measuring instruments: Sud scales (Subjective measures). Narrative structure (Fragmentation, Tone, Cohesion, dissociation etc.) Speech signal: F0 variabilitye etc. Pilot

    115.

    116. Pitch “happy mood”.

    117. Output van de analyse (Praat) Proefpersoon-code: x blij N: 746 Median: 159.388862017289 Mean: 182.432672604596 Standard deviation: 111.00171688755 Quantile 90%: 397.418566040441 Quantile 10%: 92.519650497537 delta Quantile: 304.898915542904 Proefpersoon-code: x droevig N: 887 Median: 104.337808816211 Mean: 135.257805012306 Standard deviation: 109.78115403165 Quantile 90%: 132.530147765804 Quantile 10%: 87.3119374482499 delta Quantile: 45.2182103175541 Proefpersoon-code: x delta's delta mean: 47.17486759229 delta standaard deviation: 1.22056285589999 Variabiliteit: 259.680705225349

    118. Research. The alternating runs task switch paradigm. AABBAABBAABBAABB etc. Switch Cost= MEAN (RT(AB)+RT(BA)) - Mean(RT (AA)RT(BB)). Switch Costs index exogenous and endogenous costs. If preparation longer than e.g. 1 sec. no further switch cost reduction is observed. What remains is residual exogenous switch cost. switch costs are not observed "if the to-be-performed tasks are uniquely cued by stimulus type within the experimental context (Arbuthnott and Frank, 2000)". General rule: try to avoid non unique cueing. E.g., if switching between editors, situate them at distinct locations on your screen.

    123. Near infrared spectroscopy: from single channel towards multi-channel optical topography Willy N.J.M. Colier University Medical Center Nijmegen, The Netherlands in co-operation with Marco van der Sluijs, Marco Ferrari, Valentina Quaresima, Jan Menssen, Jannet Mehagnoul, Bas van der Kallen, Rüdiger Wenzel, Arno Villringer, Jaap de Vries, Berend Oeseburg

    124. Functional Brain Mapping Methods employed PET (Vascular response) fMRI (Vascular response) EEG and MEG (Neuronal response) Optical Imaging (Vascular response)

    126. NIRS: Instrumentation (1)

    127. NIRS: Instrumentation (2)

    128. NIRS: Principles (1) Optical Non-invasive Continuous Direct feedback Regional Relatively simple Based on Lambert-Beer law

    129. NIRS: Principles (2)

    130. 12 Channel: Brain Imaging (2)

    131. Example NIR tracing

    132. Dual Channel: Applications (1)

    133. Dual Channel: Applications (2)

    134. Dual Channel: Applications (3)

    135. Multi-Channel NIRS: Optical Topography

    136. Comparison fMRI-fNIRS (2)

    157. Schrijfspoor Origineel (MvH)

    158. Pendruk origineel (MvH)

    159. Spanning in MMI Worden wij Borgs?

    160. Kunstmatige Inteligentie Cognitiewetenschap Psychologie Informatica

    172. The virtual workbench

    173. Augmented Reality

    174. Situational Awareness

    175. Van GSM naar handhelds

    176. Wireless Fingering

    177. Steve Mann from MIT starring as Cyberman

    178. Is dit alles………..

    180. Wordt het al spannender?

    181. Doven kunnen weer horen

    182. Blinden kunnen weer zien!

    183. De geheugen-chip

    184. Trends for the future

    185. Ubiquitous Computing

    186. Our current home environment

    187. Our home tomorrow

    188. Back to HCI right now: Handwriting recognition

    189. Back to HCI right now: Image Retrieval

    190. Vind je dit leuk?

    191. Groep1: Handschriftherkenner dScript

    192. Groep 2: Image retrieval

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