Which of the following is a statement of climate as compared to weather?

2. Which of the following is a statement of climate as compared to weather? Today, it is cloudy and raining. Rainfall amounts were about average this month. The winters here are dry and warm. The temperature will rise during the next week. It is 56°F and sunny.

3. Which of the following is a statement of climate as compared to weather? Today, it is cloudy and raining. Rainfall amounts were about average this month. The winters here are dry and warm. The temperature will rise during the next week. It is 56°F and sunny.

4. Which is not a component of the climate system? Human influences Average daily temperature Solar inputs Ocean currents Mountain ranges

5. Which is not a component of the climate system? Human influences Average daily temperature Solar inputs Ocean currents Mountain ranges

6. Which of the following is considered a variable gas? Nitrogen Oxygen Argon Water vapor None of these are considered variable gases.

7. Which of the following is considered a variable gas? Nitrogen Oxygen Argon Water vapor None of these are considered variable gases.

8. Which is not a glacial hazard? Tsunamis Ice dams Ice avalanches Crevasses Lahars

9. Which is not a glacial hazard? Tsunamis Ice dams Ice avalanches Crevasses Lahars

10. What are the three main time periods for which climate data are available for study? Industrial, twentieth century, modern Victorian, Industrial, modern Industrial, nineteenth century, twentieth century Instrumental, historical, paleo-proxy None of these are the correct time periods.

11. What are the three main time periods for which climate data are available for study? Industrial, twentieth century, modern Victorian, Industrial, modern Industrial, nineteenth century, twentieth century Instrumental, historical, paleo-proxy None of these are the correct time periods.

12. Which is not an example of paleoclimate proxy data? Carbon-14 Ocean temperatures Corals Ice cores Tree rings

13. Which is not an example of paleoclimate proxy data? Carbon-14 Ocean temperatures Corals Ice cores Tree rings

14. What is the greatest difficulty in using Global Climate Models for prediction of future climate change? Difficulty is only limited by our acceptance of the modeled results. Coordinating among the many global climate models. The models require large expensive computing power. The models are inaccurate. Modeling future human behavior.

15. What is the greatest difficulty in using Global Climate Models for prediction of future climate change? Difficulty is only limited by our acceptance of the modeled results. Coordinating among the many global climate models. The models require large expensive computing power. The models are inaccurate. Modeling future human behavior.

16. When has the most important evidence for global warming been collected and from what data? In the past 150,000 years from land temperatures In the past 150,000 years from ocean temperatures In the past 150 years from proxy evidence In the past 150 years from farmers’ crop records In the past 150 years from ocean temperatures

17. When has the most important evidence for global warming been collected and from what data? In the past 150,000 years from land temperatures In the past 150,000 years from ocean temperatures In the past 150 years from proxy evidence In the past 150 years from farmers’ crop records In the past 150 years from ocean temperatures

18. What is the greenhouse effect? Trapping of heat by water vapor and several other atmospheric gases None of these describe the greenhouse effect Increase in vegetation from rising temperatures The rise in average temperature Human activity that produces carbon dioxide

19. What is the greenhouse effect? Trapping of heat by water vapor and several other atmospheric gases None of these describe the greenhouse effect Increase in vegetation from rising temperatures The rise in average temperature Human activity that produces carbon dioxide

20. According to the figure, how have global temperatures changed over the last 800,000 years? There is no way to know with our current knowledge – the figure is inconclusive. They have increased and decreased many times. They have been increasing. They have been decreasing. They have been steady.

21. According to the figure, how have global temperatures changed over the last 800,000 years? There is no way to know with our current knowledge – the figure is inconclusive. They have increased and decreased many times. They have been increasing. They have been decreasing. They have been steady.

22. According to the figure, what has been the general trend in temperatures over the last 140 years? There is no way to know with our current knowledge – the figure is inconclusive. They have increased and decreased many times. They have been increasing. They have been decreasing. They have been steady.

23. According to the figure, what has been the general trend in temperatures over the last 140 years? There is no way to know with our current knowledge – the figure is inconclusive. They have increased and decreased many times. They have been increasing. They have been decreasing. They have been steady.

24. ___________ is defined as an imposed change in Earth’s energy balance. Climate change Global warming Climate restructuring Climate forcing None of these are correct.

25. ___________ is defined as an imposed change in Earth’s energy balance. Climate change Global warming Climate restructuring Climate forcing None of these are correct.

26. Which of these areas is a consequence if the ocean conveyor belt was not present? All of these are consequences Southeastern South America would be cooler There would be no climate change There would be no Milankovitch cycles Northern Europe would be cooler

27. Which of these areas is a consequence if the ocean conveyor belt was not present? All of these are consequences Southeastern South America would be cooler There would be no climate change There would be no Milankovitch cycles Northern Europe would be cooler

28. Why do scientists believe human activities are contributing to global warming? There is no evidence that human activities are contributing to global warming The recent warming greatly exceeds the natural variability The climate system is stable and can only change with anthropogenic forcing All natural changes have shown to be cooling the temperature Carbon dioxide levels have decreased in the past few decades

29. Why do scientists believe human activities are contributing to global warming? There is no evidence that human activities are contributing to global warming The recent warming greatly exceeds the natural variability The climate system is stable and can only change with anthropogenic forcing All natural changes have shown to be cooling the temperature Carbon dioxide levels have decreased in the past few decades

30. Which of the following is not expected to be caused by global warming? Decreased water supply to irrigate crops Increase in years between successive fires at a given location Shutting down of ski resorts on glaciers Migration of disease carrying mosquitoes Change in intensity and frequency of violent storms

31. Which of the following is not expected to be caused by global warming? Decreased water supply to irrigate crops Increase in years between successive fires at a given location Shutting down of ski resorts on glaciers Migration of disease carrying mosquitoes Change in intensity and frequency of violent storms

32. Which of the following is not a problem associated with glacial and sea ice melting? Melting glacial ice can lead to a rise in sea level. Melting glacial ice can increase melting due to exposed bare ground. Melting sea ice can lead to a rise in sea level. Glacial and sea ice melting reduces the water supply in some locations. Melting sea ice can lead to a change the habitat for polar bears, walruses, and some seabirds.

33. Which of the following is not a problem associated with glacial and sea ice melting? Melting glacial ice can lead to a rise in sea level. Melting glacial ice can increase melting due to exposed bare ground. Melting sea ice can lead to a rise in sea level. Glacial and sea ice melting reduces the water supply in some locations. Melting sea ice can lead to a change the habitat for polar bears, walruses, and some seabirds.

34. Which is not a potential consequence of sea level rise? Bleaching of coral reefs Increased coastal erosion Disappearance of small islands Relocation of communities and structures Landward migration of beaches and estuaries

35. Which is not a potential consequence of sea level rise? Bleaching of coral reefs Increased coastal erosion Disappearance of small islands Relocation of communities and structures Landward migration of beaches and estuaries

36. Which is not a way ecosystems will be impacted by global warming in the next 100 years? Some areas will receive precipitation less often but will be more intense Oceans are becoming more acidic All of these are ways the ecosystem will be impacted Growing seasons will be shortened River and stream temperatures will increase

37. Which is not a way ecosystems will be impacted by global warming in the next 100 years? Some areas will receive precipitation less often but will be more intense Oceans are becoming more acidic All of these are ways the ecosystem will be impacted Growing seasons will be shortened River and stream temperatures will increase

38. Which is a main reason it is difficult to apply uniformitarianism to understand the current climate processes? We have never seen similar climate processes in the past. It is not difficult, we have all the data needed to apply unifomitarianism. The period of interest (past few centuries to 1000 years ago) is the one that is the most difficult to collect climate data. Unifomitarianism is not used to understand current climate processes. There is conflicting data from the period of interest (past few centuries to 1000 years ago).

39. Which is a main reason it is difficult to apply uniformitarianism to understand the current climate processes? We have never seen similar climate processes in the past. It is not difficult, we have all the data needed to apply unifomitarianism. The period of interest (past few centuries to 1000 years ago) is the one that is the most difficult to collect climate data. Unifomitarianism is not used to understand current climate processes. There is conflicting data from the period of interest (past few centuries to 1000 years ago).

40. According to the figure, if carbon dioxide emissions were reduced and the peak was during years 2000–2050, when could we expect to see temperatures stabilize? Immediately after the emissions are reduced Possibly in year 2300 The temperatures will not stabilize Not until year 3000 at a minimum Possibly in year 2100

41. According to the figure, if carbon dioxide emissions were reduced and the peak was during years 2000–2050, when could we expect to see temperatures stabilize? Immediately after the emissions are reduced Possibly in year 2300 The temperatures will not stabilize Not until year 3000 at a minimum Possibly in year 2100

42. Which is not a way to sequester carbon? Salt aquifers in the United States Sedimentary rocks that contain salty water Saltwater aquifer below the North Sea Depleted oil fields Glacier ice in Greenland

43. Which is not a way to sequester carbon? Salt aquifers in the United States Sedimentary rocks that contain salty water Saltwater aquifer below the North Sea Depleted oil fields Glacier ice in Greenland

44. Which is not an abrupt climate change that could cause a serious risk to humans and the natural environment? Rapid release of methane to the atmosphere Abrupt change in pattern of circulation in the Atlantic Ocean Rapid change in sea level Rapid release of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere Droughts and floods

45. Which is not an abrupt climate change that could cause a serious risk to humans and the natural environment? Rapid release of methane to the atmosphere Abrupt change in pattern of circulation in the Atlantic Ocean Rapid change in sea level Rapid release of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere Droughts and floods

46. If abrupt climate change during the next century is unlikely, why is it important to make changes now? It takes time to initiate policy changes Geological data shows that short-term changes are best All of these are reasons to make changes now Stabilization is immediate, so the sooner the better We are running out of sequestration locations

47. If abrupt climate change during the next century is unlikely, why is it important to make changes now? It takes time to initiate policy changes Geological data shows that short-term changes are best All of these are reasons to make changes now Stabilization is immediate, so the sooner the better We are running out of sequestration locations